相信许多留学生对数学代考都不陌生,国外许多大学都引进了网课的学习模式。网课学业有利有弊,学生不需要到固定的教室学习,只需要登录相应的网站研讨线上课程即可。但也正是其便利性,线上课程的数量往往比正常课程多得多。留学生课业深重,时刻名贵,既要学习知识,又要结束多种类型的课堂作业,physics作业代写,物理代写,论文写作等;网课考试很大程度增加了他们的负担。所以,您要是有这方面的困扰,不要犹疑,订购myassignments-help代考渠道的数学代考服务,价格合理,给你前所未有的学习体会。
我们的数学代考服务适用于那些对课程结束没有掌握,或许没有满足的时刻结束网课的同学。高度匹配专业科目,按需结束您的网课考试、数学代写需求。担保买卖支持,100%退款保证,免费赠送Turnitin检测报告。myassignments-help的Math作业代写服务,是你留学路上忠实可靠的小帮手!
会计代写|财务管理代写Financial Management代考|Three Techniques for Estimating Investment Risk
Three previously mentioned techniques – sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, and simulation-are useful for making subjective estimates of investment risk. Although none of the techniques provides an objective measure of investment risk, they all help the executive to think systematically about the sources of risk and their effect on project return. Reviewing briefly, an investment’s IRR or NPV depends on a number of uncertain economic factors, such as selling price, quantity sold, useful life, and so on. Sensitivity analysis involves an estimation of how the investment’s figure of merit varies with changes in one of these uncertain factors. One commonly used approach is to calculate three returns corresponding to an optimistic, a pessimistic, and a most likely forecast of the uncertain variables. This provides some indication of the range of possible outcomes. Scenario analysis is a modest extension that changes several of the uncertain variables in a mutually consistent way to describe a particular event.
We looked at simulation in some detail in Chapter 3 as a tool for financial planning. Recall that simulation is an extension of sensitivity and scenario analysis in which the analyst assigns a probability distribution to each uncertain factor, specifies any interdependence among the factors, and asks a computer repeatedly to select values for the factors according to their probability of occurring. For each set of values chosen, the computer calculates a particular outcome. The result is a graph, similar to Figure 3.1, plotting project return against frequency of occurrence. The chief benefits of sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, and simulation are that they force the analyst to think systematically about the individual economic determinants of investment risk, indicate the sensitivity of the investment’s return to each of these determinants, and provide information about the range of possible returns.
会计代写|财务管理代写Financial Management代考|Risk-Adjusted Discount Rates
The most common way to do this is to add an increment to the discount rate; that is, discount the expected value of the risky cash flows at a discount rate that includes a premium for risk. Alternatively, you can compare an investment’s IRR, based on expected cash flows, to a required rate of return that again includes a risk premium. The size of the premium naturally increases with the perceived risk of the investment.
To illustrate the use of such risk-adjusted discount rates, consider a $\$ 10$ million investment promising risky cash flows with an expected value of $\$ 2$ million annually for 10 years. What is the investment’s NPV when the risk-free interest rate is 5 percent and management has decided to use a 7 percent risk premium to compensate for the uncertainty of the cash flows?
A little figure work reveals that at a 12 percent, risk-adjusted discount rate, the investment’s NPV is $\$ 1.3$ million ( $\$ 11.3$ million present value of future cash flows, less $\$ 10$ million initial cost). The positive NPV indicates that the investment is attractive even after adjusting for risk. An equivalent approach is to calculate the investment’s IRR of 15.1 percent and note that it exceeds the 12 percent risk-adjusted rate, again signaling the investment’s merit.
Note how the risk-adjusted discount rate reduces the investment’s appeal. If the investment were riskless, its NPV at a 5 percent discount rate would be $\$ 5.4$ million, but because a higher risk-adjusted rate is deemed appropriate, NPV falls by over $\$ 4$ million. In essence, management requires an inducement of at least this amount before it is willing to make the investment.
A virtue of risk-adjusted discount rates is that most executives have at least a rough idea of how an investment’s required rate of return should vary with risk. Stated differently, they have a basic idea of the position of the market line in Figure 8.1. For instance, they know from the historical data in Table 5.1 of Chapter 5 that over many years, common stocks have yielded an average annual return about 6.4 percentage points higher than the return on government bonds. If the present return on government bonds is 2 percent, it is plausible to expect an investment that is about as risky as common stocks to yield a return of about 8.4 percent. Similarly, executives know that an investment promising a return of 40 percent is attractive unless its risk is extraordinarily high. Granted, such reasoning is imprecise; nonetheless, it does lend some objectivity to risk assessment.

财务管理代考
会计代写|财务管理代写Financial Management代考|Three Techniques for Estimating Investment Risk
前面提到的三种技术——敏感性分析、情景分析和模拟——对投资风险的主观估计很有用。尽管没有一种技术可以客观地衡量投资风险,但它们都可以帮助管理人员系统地思考风险来源及其对项目回报的影响。简单回顾一下,一项投资的 IRR 或 NPV 取决于许多不确定的经济因素,例如售价、销售数量、使用寿命等。敏感性分析涉及估计投资的品质因数如何随这些不确定因素之一的变化而变化。一种常用的方法是计算对应于不确定变量的乐观、悲观和最可能预测的三种回报。这提供了可能结果范围的一些指示。情景分析是一种适度的扩展,它以相互一致的方式改变几个不确定变量来描述特定事件。
我们在第 3 章中详细讨论了模拟作为财务规划的工具。回想一下,模拟是敏感性和情景分析的扩展,其中分析师为每个不确定因素分配概率分布,指定因素之间的任何相互依赖性,并要求计算机根据其发生概率反复选择因素的值。对于选择的每组值,计算机都会计算出一个特定的结果。结果是一个类似于图 3.1 的图表,绘制了项目回报与发生频率的关系。敏感性分析、情景分析和模拟的主要好处是它们迫使分析师系统地思考投资风险的各个经济决定因素,
会计代写|财务管理代写Financial Management代考|Risk-Adjusted Discount Rates
最常见的方法是增加贴现率;也就是说,以包含风险溢价的贴现率对风险现金流量的预期值进行贴现。或者,您可以将基于预期现金流的投资 IRR 与再次包含风险溢价的要求回报率进行比较。溢价的大小自然会随着投资的感知风险而增加。
为了说明这种风险调整贴现率的使用,考虑$10万投资承诺有风险的现金流,预期价值为$2每年 10 万美元,为期 10 年。当无风险利率为 5% 并且管理层决定使用 7% 的风险溢价来补偿现金流量的不确定性时,投资的 NPV 是多少?
一个小数字工作表明,在 12% 的风险调整贴现率下,投资的 NPV 是$1.3百万 ($11.3百万 未来现金流量的现值,减去$10万初始成本)。正 NPV 表明即使在调整风险后投资也具有吸引力。一种等效的方法是计算投资的 15.1% 的内部收益率,并注意到它超过了 12% 的风险调整后利率,这再次表明了投资的价值。
请注意风险调整贴现率如何降低投资的吸引力。如果投资是无风险的,其贴现率为 5% 的 NPV 将为$5.4百万,但由于认为更高的风险调整利率是合适的,NPV 下降超过$4百万。本质上,管理层在愿意进行投资之前需要至少这个数额的诱因。
风险调整后贴现率的一个优点是,大多数高管至少对一项投资所需的回报率应如何随风险而变化有一个粗略的了解。换句话说,他们对图 8.1 中市场线的位置有一个基本的概念。例如,他们从第五章表 5.1 的历史数据得知,多年来,普通股的平均年回报率比政府债券的回报率高出约 6.4 个百分点。如果目前政府债券的回报率为 2%,那么预计与普通股风险相当的投资回报率约为 8.4% 是合理的。同样,高管们知道一项承诺 40% 回报率的投资很有吸引力,除非它的风险非常高。诚然,这样的推理是不精确的;

myassignments-help数学代考价格说明
1、客户需提供物理代考的网址,相关账户,以及课程名称,Textbook等相关资料~客服会根据作业数量和持续时间给您定价~使收费透明,让您清楚的知道您的钱花在什么地方。
2、数学代写一般每篇报价约为600—1000rmb,费用根据持续时间、周作业量、成绩要求有所浮动(持续时间越长约便宜、周作业量越多约贵、成绩要求越高越贵),报价后价格觉得合适,可以先付一周的款,我们帮你试做,满意后再继续,遇到Fail全额退款。
3、myassignments-help公司所有MATH作业代写服务支持付半款,全款,周付款,周付款一方面方便大家查阅自己的分数,一方面也方便大家资金周转,注意:每周固定周一时先预付下周的定金,不付定金不予继续做。物理代写一次性付清打9.5折。
Math作业代写、数学代写常见问题
留学生代写覆盖学科?
代写学科覆盖Math数学,经济代写,金融,计算机,生物信息,统计Statistics,Financial Engineering,Mathematical Finance,Quantitative Finance,Management Information Systems,Business Analytics,Data Science等。代写编程语言包括Python代写、Physics作业代写、物理代写、R语言代写、R代写、Matlab代写、C++代做、Java代做等。
数学作业代写会暴露客户的私密信息吗?
我们myassignments-help为了客户的信息泄露,采用的软件都是专业的防追踪的软件,保证安全隐私,绝对保密。您在我们平台订购的任何网课服务以及相关收费标准,都是公开透明,不存在任何针对性收费及差异化服务,我们随时欢迎选购的留学生朋友监督我们的服务,提出Math作业代写、数学代写修改建议。我们保障每一位客户的隐私安全。
留学生代写提供什么服务?
我们提供英语国家如美国、加拿大、英国、澳洲、新西兰、新加坡等华人留学生论文作业代写、物理代写、essay润色精修、课业辅导及网课代修代写、Quiz,Exam协助、期刊论文发表等学术服务,myassignments-help拥有的专业Math作业代写写手皆是精英学识修为精湛;实战经验丰富的学哥学姐!为你解决一切学术烦恼!
物理代考靠谱吗?
靠谱的数学代考听起来简单,但实际上不好甄别。我们能做到的靠谱,是把客户的网课当成自己的网课;把客户的作业当成自己的作业;并将这样的理念传达到全职写手和freelancer的日常培养中,坚决辞退糊弄、不守时、抄袭的写手!这就是我们要做的靠谱!
数学代考下单流程
提早与客服交流,处理你心中的顾虑。操作下单,上传你的数学代考/论文代写要求。专家结束论文,准时交给,在此过程中可与专家随时交流。后续互动批改
付款操作:我们数学代考服务正常多种支付方法,包含paypal,visa,mastercard,支付宝,union pay。下单后与专家直接互动。
售后服务:论文结束后保证完美经过turnitin查看,在线客服全天候在线为您服务。如果你觉得有需求批改的当地能够免费批改,直至您对论文满意为止。如果上交给教师后有需求批改的当地,只需求告诉您的批改要求或教师的comments,专家会据此批改。
保密服务:不需求提供真实的数学代考名字和电话号码,请提供其他牢靠的联系方法。我们有自己的工作准则,不会泄露您的个人信息。
myassignments-help擅长领域包含但不是全部:
myassignments-help服务请添加我们官网的客服或者微信/QQ,我们的服务覆盖:Assignment代写、Business商科代写、CS代考、Economics经济学代写、Essay代写、Finance金融代写、Math数学代写、report代写、R语言代考、Statistics统计学代写、物理代考、作业代写、加拿大代考、加拿大统计代写、北美代写、北美作业代写、北美统计代考、商科Essay代写、商科代考、数学代考、数学代写、数学作业代写、physics作业代写、物理代写、数据分析代写、新西兰代写、澳洲Essay代写、澳洲代写、澳洲作业代写、澳洲统计代写、澳洲金融代写、留学生课业指导、经济代写、统计代写、统计作业代写、美国Essay代写、美国代考、美国数学代写、美国统计代写、英国Essay代写、英国代考、英国作业代写、英国数学代写、英国统计代写、英国金融代写、论文代写、金融代考、金融作业代写。