相信许多留学生对数学代考都不陌生,国外许多大学都引进了网课的学习模式。网课学业有利有弊,学生不需要到固定的教室学习,只需要登录相应的网站研讨线上课程即可。但也正是其便利性,线上课程的数量往往比正常课程多得多。留学生课业深重,时刻名贵,既要学习知识,又要结束多种类型的课堂作业,physics作业代写,物理代写,论文写作等;网课考试很大程度增加了他们的负担。所以,您要是有这方面的困扰,不要犹疑,订购myassignments-help代考渠道的数学代考服务,价格合理,给你前所未有的学习体会。
我们的数学代考服务适用于那些对课程结束没有掌握,或许没有满足的时刻结束网课的同学。高度匹配专业科目,按需结束您的网课考试、数学代写需求。担保买卖支持,100%退款保证,免费赠送Turnitin检测报告。myassignments-help的Math作业代写服务,是你留学路上忠实可靠的小帮手!
会计代写|财务管理代写Financial Management代考|The Cost of Capital for Polaris
We begin by measuring the weights, $D$ and $E$. There are two common ways to do this, only one of which is correct: Use the book values of debt and equity appearing on the company’s balance sheet, or use the market values. By market value, I mean the price of the company’s bonds and common shares in securities markets multiplied by the number of each security type outstanding. As Table 8.2 shows, the book values of Polaris’s debt and equity at the end of 2020 were $\$ 1,436$ million and $\$ 1,434$ million, respectively. The figure for debt includes only interest-bearing debt because other liabilities are either the result of tax accruals that are subsumed in the estimation of after-tax cash flow (ATCF) or spontaneous sources of cash that are part of working capital in the investment’s cash flows. The table also indicates that the market value of Polaris’s debt and equity on the same date were $\$ 1,436$ million and $\$ 5,898$ million, respectively.
Consistent with common practice, I have assumed here that the market value of Polaris’s debt equals its book value. This assumption is almost certainly incorrect, but just as certainly the difference between the book and market values of debt is quite small compared to that for equity. The market value of Polaris’s equity is its price per share at year-end of $\$ 95.28$ times 61.9 million common shares outstanding. The market value of equity exceeds the book value by a ratio of over 4 to 1 because investors are upbeat about the company’s future prospects.
To decide whether book weights or market weights are appropriate for measuring the cost of capital, consider the following. Suppose that 10 years ago you invested $\$ 20,000$ in a portfolio of common stocks that, through no doing of your own, is now worth $\$ 50,000$. After talking to stockbrokers and investment consultants, you believe a reasonable return on the portfolio, given present market conditions, is 10 percent a year. Would you be satisfied with a 10 percent return on the original $\$ 20,000$ cost of the portfolio, or would you expect to earn 10 percent on the current $\$ 50,000$ market value? Obviously, the current market value is relevant for decision making; the original cost is sunk and therefore irrelevant. Similarly, Polaris’s owners and creditors have investments worth $\$ 5,898$ million and $\$ 1,436$ million, respectively, on which they expect to earn competitive returns. Thus, the market values of debt and equity are appropriate for measuring the cost of capital.
会计代写|财务管理代写Financial Management代考|The Cost of Capital in Investment Appraisal
The fact that the cost of capital is the return a company must earn on existing assets to meet creditor and shareholder expectations is an interesting detail, but we are after bigger game here: We want to use the cost of capital as an acceptance criterion for new investments.
Are there any problems in applying a concept derived for existing assets to new investments? Not if one critical assumption holds: The new investment must have the same risk existing assets do. If it does, the new investment is essentially a “carbon copy” of existing assets, and the cost of capital is the appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate. If it does not, we must proceed more carefully.
The market line in Figure 8.5 clearly illustrates the importance of the equalrisk assumption. It emphasizes that the rate of return risk-averse individuals anticipate rises with risk. This means, for example, that management should demand a higher expected return when introducing a new product than when replacing aged equipment, because the new product is presumably riskier and therefore warrants a higher return. The figure also shows that a company’s cost of capital is but one of many possible risk-adjusted discount rates, the one corresponding to the risk of the firm’s existing assets. We conclude that the cost of capital is an appropriate acceptance criterion only when the risk of a new investment equals that of existing assets. For all other investments, the cost of capital is inappropriate. But do not despair, for even when inappropriate itself, the cost of capital concept is central to identifying a correct risk-adjusted rate.

财务管理代考
会计代写|财务管理代写Financial Management代考|The Cost of Capital for Polaris
我们从测量重量开始,丁和和. 有两种常见的方法,只有一种是正确的:使用公司资产负债表上出现的债务和权益的账面价值,或使用市场价值。所谓市场价值,是指公司债券和普通股在证券市场上的价格乘以每种已发行证券类型的数量。如表 8.2 所示,Polaris 在 2020 年底的债务和股权账面价值为$1,436万和$1,434万,分别。债务数字仅包括有息债务,因为其他负债要么是包含在税后现金流 (ATCF) 估算中的应计税款的结果,要么是作为投资现金营运资本一部分的自发现金来源流动。该表还表明,Polaris 的债务和股权在同一日期的市值分别为$1,436万和$5,898万,分别。
与惯例一致,我在此假设 Polaris 债务的市场价值等于其账面价值。这个假设几乎肯定是不正确的,但同样肯定的是,与股权相比,债务的账面价值和市场价值之间的差异非常小。Polaris 股权的市场价值为其年末的每股价格$95.286190 万股已发行普通股。股票市值超过账面价值的比例超过 4 比 1,因为投资者看好公司的未来前景。
要确定账面权重或市场权重是否适合衡量资本成本,请考虑以下因素。假设 10 年前你投资了$20,000在普通股的投资组合中,通过你自己的努力,现在值得$50,000. 在与股票经纪人和投资顾问交谈后,您认为在目前的市场条件下,投资组合的合理回报率为每年 10%。你对原版 10% 的回报感到满意吗$20,000投资组合的成本,或者你期望在当前的基础上赚取 10%$50,000市场价值?显然,当前的市场价值与决策相关;原始成本已沉没,因此无关紧要。同样,北极星的所有者和债权人的投资价值$5,898万和$1,436百万,他们希望获得有竞争力的回报。因此,债务和股权的市场价值适合于衡量资本成本。
会计代写|财务管理代写Financial Management代考|The Cost of Capital in Investment Appraisal
资本成本是公司为满足债权人和股东的期望而必须从现有资产中赚取的回报这一事实是一个有趣的细节,但我们在这里追求更大的游戏:我们希望将资本成本用作新的接受标准投资。
将现有资产的概念应用于新投资是否存在任何问题?如果一个关键假设成立,则不会:新投资必须具有与现有资产相同的风险。如果是这样,新投资本质上就是现有资产的“副本”,资本成本就是适当的风险调整贴现率。如果没有,我们必须更加谨慎地进行。
图 8.5 中的市场线清楚地说明了等风险假设的重要性。它强调,厌恶风险的个人预期回报率会随着风险而上升。这意味着,例如,管理层在引入新产品时应该要求比更换陈旧设备时更高的预期回报,因为新产品可能具有更高的风险,因此需要更高的回报。该图还表明,公司的资本成本只是许多可能的风险调整贴现率之一,与公司现有资产的风险相对应。我们得出结论,只有当新投资的风险等于现有资产的风险时,资本成本才是合适的接受标准。对于所有其他投资,资本成本是不合适的。但不要绝望,

myassignments-help数学代考价格说明
1、客户需提供物理代考的网址,相关账户,以及课程名称,Textbook等相关资料~客服会根据作业数量和持续时间给您定价~使收费透明,让您清楚的知道您的钱花在什么地方。
2、数学代写一般每篇报价约为600—1000rmb,费用根据持续时间、周作业量、成绩要求有所浮动(持续时间越长约便宜、周作业量越多约贵、成绩要求越高越贵),报价后价格觉得合适,可以先付一周的款,我们帮你试做,满意后再继续,遇到Fail全额退款。
3、myassignments-help公司所有MATH作业代写服务支持付半款,全款,周付款,周付款一方面方便大家查阅自己的分数,一方面也方便大家资金周转,注意:每周固定周一时先预付下周的定金,不付定金不予继续做。物理代写一次性付清打9.5折。
Math作业代写、数学代写常见问题
留学生代写覆盖学科?
代写学科覆盖Math数学,经济代写,金融,计算机,生物信息,统计Statistics,Financial Engineering,Mathematical Finance,Quantitative Finance,Management Information Systems,Business Analytics,Data Science等。代写编程语言包括Python代写、Physics作业代写、物理代写、R语言代写、R代写、Matlab代写、C++代做、Java代做等。
数学作业代写会暴露客户的私密信息吗?
我们myassignments-help为了客户的信息泄露,采用的软件都是专业的防追踪的软件,保证安全隐私,绝对保密。您在我们平台订购的任何网课服务以及相关收费标准,都是公开透明,不存在任何针对性收费及差异化服务,我们随时欢迎选购的留学生朋友监督我们的服务,提出Math作业代写、数学代写修改建议。我们保障每一位客户的隐私安全。
留学生代写提供什么服务?
我们提供英语国家如美国、加拿大、英国、澳洲、新西兰、新加坡等华人留学生论文作业代写、物理代写、essay润色精修、课业辅导及网课代修代写、Quiz,Exam协助、期刊论文发表等学术服务,myassignments-help拥有的专业Math作业代写写手皆是精英学识修为精湛;实战经验丰富的学哥学姐!为你解决一切学术烦恼!
物理代考靠谱吗?
靠谱的数学代考听起来简单,但实际上不好甄别。我们能做到的靠谱,是把客户的网课当成自己的网课;把客户的作业当成自己的作业;并将这样的理念传达到全职写手和freelancer的日常培养中,坚决辞退糊弄、不守时、抄袭的写手!这就是我们要做的靠谱!
数学代考下单流程
提早与客服交流,处理你心中的顾虑。操作下单,上传你的数学代考/论文代写要求。专家结束论文,准时交给,在此过程中可与专家随时交流。后续互动批改
付款操作:我们数学代考服务正常多种支付方法,包含paypal,visa,mastercard,支付宝,union pay。下单后与专家直接互动。
售后服务:论文结束后保证完美经过turnitin查看,在线客服全天候在线为您服务。如果你觉得有需求批改的当地能够免费批改,直至您对论文满意为止。如果上交给教师后有需求批改的当地,只需求告诉您的批改要求或教师的comments,专家会据此批改。
保密服务:不需求提供真实的数学代考名字和电话号码,请提供其他牢靠的联系方法。我们有自己的工作准则,不会泄露您的个人信息。
myassignments-help擅长领域包含但不是全部:
myassignments-help服务请添加我们官网的客服或者微信/QQ,我们的服务覆盖:Assignment代写、Business商科代写、CS代考、Economics经济学代写、Essay代写、Finance金融代写、Math数学代写、report代写、R语言代考、Statistics统计学代写、物理代考、作业代写、加拿大代考、加拿大统计代写、北美代写、北美作业代写、北美统计代考、商科Essay代写、商科代考、数学代考、数学代写、数学作业代写、physics作业代写、物理代写、数据分析代写、新西兰代写、澳洲Essay代写、澳洲代写、澳洲作业代写、澳洲统计代写、澳洲金融代写、留学生课业指导、经济代写、统计代写、统计作业代写、美国Essay代写、美国代考、美国数学代写、美国统计代写、英国Essay代写、英国代考、英国作业代写、英国数学代写、英国统计代写、英国金融代写、论文代写、金融代考、金融作业代写。