数学代写|复分析作业代写Complex function代考|The Jacobian Matrix

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数学代写|复分析作业代写Complex function代考|The Jacobian Matrix

Consider [4.4]. As discussed, the direction of the illustrated curve through $\mathrm{q}$ is being described with an infinitesimal vector $\left(\begin{array}{l}d x \ d y\end{array}\right)$; the infinitesimal image vector $\left(\begin{array}{l}d u \ d v\end{array}\right)$ gives the direction of the image curve through $Q$. We can determine the component du of $\left(\begin{array}{l}d u \ d v\end{array}\right)$ as follows:
$$
\begin{aligned}
& d u=\quad \text { total change in } u \text { due to moving along }\left(\begin{array}{l}
d x \
d y
\end{array}\right) \
& =\text { (change in u produced by moving } \mathrm{d} x \text { in the } x \text {-direction) } \
& \text { (change in } u \text { produced by moving } d y \text { in the y-direction) } \
& =\text { (rate of change of } u \text { with } x) \cdot(\text { change } d x \text { in } x) \
& \text { (rate of change of } u \text { with } y \text { ). (change dy in } y \text { ) } \
& =\left(\partial_x u\right) d x+\left(\partial_y u\right) d y, \
&
\end{aligned}
$$
where $\partial_x=\partial / \partial x$ etc. Likewise, we find that the vertical component is given by the formula
$$
d v=\left(\partial_x v\right) d x+\left(\partial_y v\right) d y
$$
Since these expressions are linear in $d x$ and $d y$, it follows (assuming that not all the partial derivatives vanish) that the infinitesimal vectors are carried to their images by a linear transformation. The general significance of this will be discussed later, but for the moment it means that the local effect of our mapping is completely described by a matrix J called the Jacobian.

数学代写|复分析作业代写Complex function代考|The Amplitwist Concept

We have just seen that the local effect of $z \mapsto z^2$ on infinitesimal vectors is to expand them and to rotate them. Transformations of this type (i.e., whose local effect is produced in these two steps) will play a dominating role from now on, and it will be very much to our advantage to have vivid new words specifically to describe them.

If all the infinitesimal vectors $(\overrightarrow{q p}$ etc.) emanating from $q$ merely undergo an equal enlargement to produce their images at $Q$, then we shall say that the local effect of the mapping is to amplify the vectors, and that the magnification factor involved is the amplification of the mapping at the point q. If, on the other hand, they all undergo an equal rotation, then we shall say that the local effect of the mapping is to twist the vectors, and that the angle of rotation involved is the twist of the mapping at the point q. More generally, the kind of mapping that will concern us will locally both amplify and twist infinitesimal vectors-we say that such a transformation is locally an amplitwist. Thus “an amplitwist” is synonymous with “a (direct) similarity”, except that the former refers to the transformation of infinitesimal vectors, whereas “a similarity” has no such connotation.
[We remind the reader of the discussion in both Prefaces: “infinitesimal” is being used here in a definite, technical sense-small and ultimately vanishing, the relationship to other infinitesimals being expressed via Newtonian “ultimate equalities $\left.{ }^{\prime \prime}.\right]$

We can illustrate the new terminology with reference to the concrete case we have just analysed: The mapping $z \mapsto z^2$ is locally an amplitwist with amplification $2 \mathrm{r}$ and twist $\theta$. See [4.5]. Quite generally, this figure makes it clear that if a mapping is locally an amplitwist then it is automatically conformal-the angle $\phi$ between the infinitesimal complex numbers is preserved.

Returning to [4.1] and [4.2], we now understand why infinitesimal squares were mapped to infinitesimal squares. Indeed, an infinitesimal region of arbitrary shape located at $z$ will be “amplitwisted” (amplified and twisted) to a similar shape at $z^2$. Note that here we are extending our terminology still further: henceforth we will freely employ the verb “to amplitwist”, meaning to amplify and to twist an infinitesimal geometric object.

All we really have at the moment is one simple mapping that turned out to be locally an amplitwist. In order to appreciate how truly fundamental this amplitwist concept is, we must return to $\mathbb{C}$ and begin from scratch to develop the idea of complex differentiation.

复分析代考

数学代写|复分析作业代写Complex function代考|The Jacobian Matrix

考虑[4.4]。正如所讨论的,所示曲线的方向通过q正在用无穷小向量描述 $(d x d y)$; 无穷 小图像向量 $(d u d v)$ 通过给出图像曲线的方向 $Q$. 我们可以确定组件du $(d u d v)$ 如下:
$d u=$ total change in $u$ due to moving along ( $d x d y) \quad=$ (change in u prod
在哪里 $\partial_x=\partial / \partial x$ 等。同样,我们发现垂直分量由公式给出
$$
d v=\left(\partial_x v\right) d x+\left(\partial_y v\right) d y
$$
由于这些表达式是线性的 $d x$ 和 $d y$ ,它遵循 (假设不是所有的偏㝵数都消失) 无穷小向 量通过线性变换被带到它们的图像。其一般意义将在稍后讨论,但目前这意味着我们映 射的局部效果完全由称为雅可比矩阵的矩阵J描述。

数学代写|复分析作业代写Complex function代考|The Amplitwist Concept

我们刚刚看到和↦和2在无穷小向量上是扩展它们并旋转它们。这种类型的转换(即在这两个步骤中产生局部效应)将在今后发挥主导作用,有生动的新词专门描述它们将对我们非常有利。

如果所有的无穷小向量(qp→等等)来自q仅仅经过同等的放大以产生它们的图像问, 那么我们就说映射的局部作用是放大向量, 所涉及的放大因子就是映射在q点的放大. 另一方面,如果它们都经历了相等的旋转,那么我们可以说映射的局部效应是扭曲矢量,并且所涉及的旋转角度是映射在点 q 处的扭曲。更一般地,我们所关心的那种映射将在局部放大和扭曲无穷小向量——我们说这样的变换是局部放大扭曲。因此,“amplitwist”与“(直接)相似性”同义,只是前者指的是无穷小向量的变换,而“相似性”没有这种含义。
[我们提醒读者注意两篇前言中的讨论:“无穷小”在这里是在明确的技术意义上使用的——微小且最终消失,与其他无穷小的关系通过牛顿的“终极等式”表达′′.]

我们可以结合刚才分析的具体案例来说明新术语:映射和↦和2局部是放大的 amplitwist2r和扭曲我. 见[4.5]。很一般地,这个图清楚地表明,如果一个映射在局部是一个 amplitwist,那么它自动是共形的——角度φ无穷小复数之间的关系被保留下来。

回到 [4.1] 和 [4.2],我们现在明白为什么无穷小正方形被映射到无穷小正方形了。实际上,任意形状的无穷小区域位于和将被“amplitwisted”(放大和扭曲)到类似的形状和2. 请注意,我们在这里进一步扩展了我们的术语:从今以后,我们将自由使用动词“to amplitwist”,意思是放大和扭曲一个无穷小的几何对象。

目前我们真正拥有的只是一个简单的映射,它被证明是局部放大扭曲。为了理解这个 amplitwist 概念的真正基础性,我们必须回到C并从头开始发展复杂微分的想法。

数学代写|多变量微积分代写multivariable calculus代考

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