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统计代写|随机控制代写Stochastic Control代考|Mine detection on SAS images
Detection and classification of underwater mines (completely or partially buried) with SAS images is a major challenge to the mine countermeasures community. In this context, experts are looking for more and more efficient detection processes in order to help them in their decisions concerning the use of divers, mines destruction … As a mine highlight region usually has a corresponding shadow region (see figure 8), most of the methods used to detect and classify objects lying on the seafloor are based on the interpretation of the shadows of the objects. Other methods are focusing on the echo itself. For these approaches, two main problems could occur:
- given the position of the sonar fish and the type of mine encountered, the shape of the echo and its associated shadow zone could vary; but as most of these techniques of detection generally required training, their success can be dependent on the similarity between the training and test data sets,
- given that SAS images are speckle noise corrupted, it is generally necessary to denoise these images before of all; but such a despeckling step could involve miss and/or false detection by an alteration of the echo and/or shadow, given that most of the despeckling methods induce a smoothing effect.
In answer to these problems, we propose to use a one-dimensional detector based on the stochastic matched filter. This detector is applied on each line of the SAS data (considering as a line the data vector in a direction perpendicular to the fish direction). In this context, we construct a very simple model of the signal to be detected (see figure 8 ), where $d$, the size of the echo in sight, is a uniform random variable taking values in a range dependent of the mine dimensions. So the problem of mine detection in SAS images is reduced to the one of detecting a one-dimensional signal, such as the model presented in figure 8 , in a noisy data vector $\mathbf{Z}$.
As the length of the shadow region depends on the fish height, we do not consider the whole shadow for our model, but only its beginning (this corresponds to the length $D$ in figure 8). The signal covariance is estimated using several realizations of the signal model by making varied the random variable $d$ value. For the noise, its covariance is computed in an area of the data, where no echo is assumed to be present and takes into account the hilly seabed.
统计代写|随机控制代写Stochastic Control代考|The General Time-Varying Wireless Channel Impulse Response
The impulse response (IR) of a wireless channel is typically characterized by time variations and time spreading [2]. Time variations are due to the relative motion between the transmitter and the receiver and temporal variations of the propagation environment. Time spreading is due to the fact that the emitted electromagnetic wave arrives at the receiver having undergone reflections, diffraction and scattering from various objects along the way, at different delay times. At the receiver, a random number of signal components, copies of a single emitted signal, arrive via different paths thus having undergone different attenuation, phase shifts and time delays, all of which are random and time-varying. This random number of signal components add vectorially giving rise to signal fluctuations, called multipath fading, which are responsible for the degradation of communication system performance.
The general time-varying (TV) model of a wireless fading channel is typically represented by the following multipath low-pass equivalent IR [2]
$$
C_l(t ; \tau)=\sum_{n=1}^{N(t)} r_n(t, \tau) e^{j \Phi_n(t, \tau)} \delta\left(\tau-\tau_n(t)\right)=\sum_{n=1}^{N(t)}\left(I_n(t, \tau)+j Q_n(t, \tau)\right) \delta\left(\tau-\tau_n(t)\right)
$$
where $C_l(t ; \tau)$ is the response of the channel at time $t$, due to an impulse applied at time $t-\tau, N(t)$ is the random number of multipath components impinging on the receiver, and the set $\left{r_n(t, \tau), \Phi_n(t, \tau), \tau_n(t)\right}_{n=1}^{N(t)}$ describes the random TV attenuation, overall phase shift, and arrival time of the different paths, respectively. $\left{I_n(t, \tau), Q_n(t, \tau)\right}_{n=1}^{N(t)} \triangleq$ $\left{r_n(t, \tau) \cos \Phi_n(t, \tau), r_n(t, \tau) \sin \Phi_n(t, \tau)\right}_{n=1}^{N(t)}$ are defined as the inphase and quadrature components of each path. Let $s_l(t)$ be the low-pass equivalent representation of the transmitted signal, then the low-pass equivalent representation of the received signal is given by
$$
y_l(t)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} C_l(t ; \tau) s_l(t-\tau) d \tau=\sum_{n=1}^{N(t)} r_n\left(t, \tau_n(t)\right) e^{j \Phi_n\left(t, \tau_n(t)\right)} s_l\left(t-\tau_n(t)\right)
$$

随机控制代写
统计代写|随机控制代写Stochastic Control代考|Mine detection on SAS images
使用 SAS 图像检测和分类水下地雷(完全或部分掩埋)是地雷对抗社区面临的主要挑战。在这种情况下,专家们正在寻找更多、更有效的检测过程,以帮助他们做出有关使用潜水员、地雷销毁的决定……由于地雷突出显示区域通常有相应的阴影区域(见图 8),大多数用于检测和分类位于海底的物体的方法是基于对物体阴影的解释。其他方法专注于回声本身。对于这些方法,可能会出现两个主要问题:
- 鉴于声纳鱼的位置和遇到的水雷类型,回波的形状及其相关的阴影区可能会有所不同;但由于大多数这些检测技术通常需要训练,因此它们的成功可能取决于训练数据集和测试数据集之间的相似性,
- 考虑到 SAS 图像被斑点噪声损坏,通常需要先对这些图像进行去噪;但考虑到大多数去斑方法都会产生平滑效果,这样的去斑步骤可能会通过改变回声和/或阴影而导致漏检和/或错误检测。
为了解决这些问题,我们建议使用基于随机匹配滤波器的一维检测器。该检测器应用于 SAS 数据的每一行(将垂直于鱼方向的数据向量视为一条线)。在这种情况下,我们构建了一个非常简单的待检测信号模型(见图 8),其中d,即视线内回波的大小,是一个统一的随机变量,取值范围取决于地雷尺寸。因此,SAS 图像中的地雷检测问题被简化为在噪声数据向量中检测一维信号(如图 8 所示的模型)和.
由于阴影区域的长度取决于鱼的高度,我们不考虑模型的整个阴影,而只考虑它的开始(这对应于长度丁在图 8 中)。通过改变随机变量,使用信号模型的几种实现来估计信号协方差d价值。对于噪声,它的协方差是在数据区域中计算的,假设该区域不存在回波,并考虑了丘陵海床。
统计代写|随机控制代写Stochastic Control代考|The General Time-Varying Wireless Channel Impulse Response
无线信道的脉中响应 (IR) 通常以时间变化和时间扩展为特征 [2]。时间变化是由于发射 机和接收机之间的相对运动以及传播环境的时间变化造成的。时间扩散是由于发射的电 磁波到达接收器时经过沿途各种物体的反射、绕射和散射,延迟时间不同。在接收器 处,随机数量的信号分量,即单个发射信号的副本,通过不同的路径到达,因此经历了 不同的衰减 相移和时间延迟,所有这些都是随机且随时间变化的。这种随机数量的信 号分量矢量相加导致信号波动,称为多径衰落,
无线哀落信道的一般时变 (TV) 模型通常由以下多径低通等效 IR [2] 表示
$$
C_l(t ; \tau)=\sum_{n=1}^{N(t)} r_n(t, \tau) e^{j \Phi_n(t, \tau)} \delta\left(\tau-\tau_n(t)\right)=\sum_{n=1}^{N(t)}\left(I_n(t, \tau)+j Q_n(t, \tau)\right) \delta\left(\tau-\tau_n(t)\right)
$$
在哪里 $C_l(t ; \tau)$ 是通道在时间上的响应 $t$ ,由于在时间施加的冲动 $t-\tau, N(t)$ 是幢在 接收器上的多径分量的随机数,并且集合 衰减、总相移和到达时间。 $\$ left{ $\left{_n(t, \mid t a u), Q n(t, \backslash t a u) \backslash r i g h t\right} _{n=1} \wedge{N(t)} \backslash$ triangleq 每条路径的同相和正交分量。让 $s_l(t)$ 是发射信号的低通等效表示,则接收信号的低通 等效表示为
$$
y_l(t)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} C_l(t ; \tau) s_l(t-\tau) d \tau=\sum_{n=1}^{N(t)} r_n\left(t, \tau_n(t)\right) e^{j \Phi_n\left(t, \tau_n(t)\right)} s_l\left(t-\tau_n(t)\right)
$$

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