物理代写|统计物理代写Statistical Physics of Matter代考|Biological Examples

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物理代写|统计物理代写Statistical Physics of Matter代考|Biological Examples

The dynamics of ion channel transitions and the associated transmembrane ion transport is an enormously complicated problem requiring multiscale descriptions. In a most coarse-grained description of voltage-gated channels, the single, relevant degree of freedom $q(t)$ can be chosen as the position of the gating charge, representive of positively charged helices within the channel, which is believed to be the major component of voltage sensor. An increase of membrane potential makes this gating charge move toward the extracellular side, triggering a conformational transition to the open, conductive state. In this coarse-grained picture, the gating charge can be considered to be a Brownian particle hopping between two conformational states.

In the presence of a noisy macromolecular and fluid environment, the center-of-mass position $q$ of the gating charge is subject to its complex free energy landscape, with the free energy parameters such as activation barrier sensitively depending on temperature. For a guinea pig ileal muscle channel for which data on the parameters as well as the rates are available, a double well free energy model for the two state transitions was constructed (Parc et al. 2009). An important feature here is that the transition rates are not Arrhenius-like because of the temperature-dependent activation barrier. With a weak, oscillating voltage added to a constant potential across the membrane, a simulation of the gating charge displacement showed its power spectrum $S_f(\omega)$ indeed manifested the SR peak at the driving frequency $\omega=\Omega$. The peak height $S_f(\Omega)$ is maximum at an optimal noise strength, which is found to be just the body temperature $T_{S R}=320 \mathrm{~K}$ of the guinea pig (Fig. 18.5b)! The ion channel, owing to the flexible structures, opens and closes in a maximum coherence with the oscillating membrane potential at the body temperature. This suggests that the body temperature is not accidental but, possibly, an outcome of nature’s selection to make it a good noise essential for living.

物理代写|统计物理代写Statistical Physics of Matter代考|Stochastic Ratchets

The possibility of extracting an usable work from fluctuations has been a long-standing problem of immense interest. In the presence of the (equilibrium) thermal fluctuations alone which satisfies the FDT, $\left\langle f_R(t) f_R\left(t^{\prime}\right)\right\rangle=2 \zeta k_B T \delta(t)$, a Brownian particle approaches to the equilibrium, and thus does not perform net motion in an unbiased potential. The directed motion, however, can occur in locally asymmetric potential called ‘ratchet’ subject to athermal noises that drives the system out of equilibrium (Astumian and Hänggi 2002). Furthermore, the resonant activation under the fluctuating potentials can be utilized to enhance the directed motion in an optimal way.

We consider the one-dimensional overdamped Brownian motion under the ratchet potential $U(x)$, which is a periodic, but locally piece-wise linear and asymmetric (Fig. 18.11). A dichotomic noise switches the potential between $U(x)$ and zero with the rate $\gamma$. Then the joint probability in the flashing potential is given by the FPE, (18.20) and (18.21) with the drift is given by $\mathcal{U}{+}=\beta D U^{\prime}(x)$ and $\mathcal{U}{-}=0$

The net current of the Brownian particle is
$$
J(x, t)=-D\left[\beta U^{\prime}(x) P_{+}(x, t)+\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left{P_{+}(x, t)+P_{-}(x, t)\right}\right] .
$$
In the absence of the flipping, despite the asymmetry of the ratchet potential, the $J$ becomes zero in the stationary state, at which the probability density approaches $P(x)=P_{+}(x) \sim e^{-\beta U(x)}$. The question is: does the flipping induce a net current? If it does, in what direction?

If the flipping is very slow, the net current is zero, because it is the average of the current generated in each configuration. For the fast flipping, it, resulting from the average potential, is also zero. But at an optimal flipping time that is comparable to the diffusion time, the net current can be induced. This can be explained as follows. In the presence of the ratchet potential, the particle will likely to be at a potential minimum. When the potential is turned off the particle begins to freely diffuse. After the potential is switched on again, it will have more chance to be near the next well located at the right hand side, than to be near the well at the left (Fig. 18.11). This way being repeated, the particle tends to move to the right systematically. Also it was shown that the flipping noise can drive the particle on the ratchet potential to move uphill against constant applied force (Astumian and Bier 1994).

This means that the system is capable of extracting energy from the fluctuations to use for work. The idea of this noise-assisted phenomenon has been applied to biomolecular motors, such as protein motors along microtubules, where the fluctuation is brought about by the chemical reactions involved. In this way, the stochastic ratchet idea explains how the molecular motors are capable of converting chemical energy into mechanical motion and force.

统计物理代考

物理代写|统计物理代写Statistical Physics of Matter代考|Biological Examples

离子通道转换和相关的跨膜离子传输的动力学是一个非常复杂的问题,需要多尺度描述。在电压门控通道的最粗粒度描述中,单个相关的自由度q(吨)可以选择作为门控电荷的位置,代表通道内带正电的螺旋,这被认为是电压传感器的主要组成部分。膜电位的增加使该门控电荷向细胞外侧移动,触发向开放导电状态的构象转变。在这张粗粒度的图片中,门控电荷可以被认为是两个构象状态之间的布朗粒子跳跃。

在嘈杂的大分子和流体环境中,质心位置q门控电荷受其复杂的自由能景观影响,自由能参数(如激活势垒)对温度敏感。对于参数和速率数据可用的豚鼠回肠肌肉通道,构建了用于两种状态转换的双井自由能模型(Parc 等人,2009 年)。这里的一个重要特征是,由于温度依赖性激活势垒,转换率不像 Arrhenius 那样。通过将微弱的振荡电压添加到跨膜的恒定电位,门控电荷位移的模拟显示了其功率谱小号F(哦)确实在驱动频率处表现出 SR 峰值哦=哦. 峰高小号F(哦)在最佳噪声强度下是最大的,这被发现只是体温吨小号R=320 钾豚鼠(图 18.5b)!由于具有柔性结构,离子通道在体温下以与振荡膜电位的最大相干性打开和关闭。这表明体温不是偶然的,而可能是大自然选择使其成为生活必需的良好噪音的结果。

物理代写|统计物理代写Statistical Physics of Matter代考|Stochastic Ratchets

从波动中提取可用工作的可能性一直是一个引起极大兴趣的长期问题。在仅存在满足 FDT 的 (平衡) 热波动的情况下, $\left\langle f_R(t) f_R\left(t^{\prime}\right)\right\rangle=2 \zeta k_B T \delta(t)$ ,布朗粒子接近平 衡,因此不会在无偏势中执行净运动。然而,定向运动可能发生在称为“棘轮”的局部不 对称势能中,受使系统失去平衡的非热噪声影响(Astumian 和 Hänggi 2002)。此 外,波动电位下的共振激活可用于以最佳方式增强定向运动。
我们考虑棘轮势下的一维过阻尼布朗运动 $U(x)$ , 它是周期性的,但局部分段线性且不 对称 (图 18.11) 。二分噪声切换之间的潜力 $U(x)$ 利率为零 $\gamma$. 然后 FPE、 (18.20) 和 (18.21) 给出了闪光势中的联合概率,漂移由下式给出 $\mathcal{U}+=\beta D U^{\prime}(x)$ 和 $\mathcal{U}-=0$
布朗粒子的净电流为
$J(x, t)=-D \backslash$ left $\backslash$ beta $U^{\wedge}{\backslash$ prime $}(x) P_{-}{+}(x, t)+\backslash$ frac ${$ partial $} \backslash$ partial $\left.x\right} \backslash$ left $\left{P_{-}{+}(x, t)+P_{-}{}\right}(x, t) \backslash$ ric
在没有翻转的情况下,尽管棘轮电位不对称, $J$ 在概率密度接近的静止状态下变为零 $P(x)=P_{+}(x) \sim e^{-\beta U(x)}$. 问题是: 翻转会产生净电流吗? 如果有,朝什么方向?
如果翻转非常慢,则净电流为零,因为它是每个配置中产生的电流的平均值。对于快速 翻转,它由平均势产生,也为零。但是在与扩散时间相当的最佳翻转时间,可以诱导净 电流。这可以解释如下。在棘轮电位存在的情况下,粒子可能处于电位最小值。当电位 关闭时,粒子开始自由扩散。再次打开电势后,它更有可能靠近位于右侧的下一口井, 而不是靠近左侧的井(图 18.11)。以这种方式重复,粒子倾向于系统地向右移动。
这意味着该系统能够从波动中提取能量以用于工作。这种噪声辅助现象的想法已应用于 生物分子马达,例如沿着微管的蛋白质马达,其中波动是由所涉及的化学反应引起的。 通过这种方式,随机棘轮理论解释了分子马达如何能够将化学能转化为机械运动和力。

物理代写|统计物理代写Statistical Physics of Matter代考

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