# 物理代写|量子光学代写Quantum Optics代考|PHYS248

## 物理代写|量子光学代写Quantum Optics代考|Can Localization Microscopy Beat the Diffraction Limit

This chapter has been concerned with the diffraction limit of light, so it might be fair to ask whether the limit is fundamental or can be overcome. Personally I tend to opt for the fundamental nature, but rumor says that there are other, more qualified experts who believe that localization microscopy has beaten the diffraction limit. So I should probably keep the question open for discussion.

Part of the controversy comes from the fact that there seems to exist no unique definition of the diffraction limit, and the answer depends on how one exactly defines it. Arguing about things that depend on definitions are usually not overly rewarding. However, without being too specific it is my understanding that the diffraction limit concerns the loss of evanescent waves from the image, and this lost information can never be restored. Without any preknowledge about the monitored system we thus inevitably have to end up with the diffraction limit or something similar.

To “beat” the diffraction limit, one needs additional knowledge, for instance, that the detected light is coming from fluorescence molecules attached to the sample. It is a great and astonishing achievement that these molecules can be localized so robustly and accurately. However, in my opinion localization microscopy asks different questions to nature than conventional microscopy, and I therefore suggest to not compare conventional and localization microscopy on par with each other.

## 物理代写|量子光学代写Quantum Optics代考|Material Properties

Electrodynamics communicates with the material world through the free charge and current distributions $\rho, \boldsymbol{J}$ as well as through the permittivities and permeabilities $\varepsilon, \mu$, at least for linear materials. With the advent of modern nanoscience and nanotechnology the field of nano optics has received a strong boost, because the refined control over the sources and material properties offers unprecedented possibilities for novel optical applications.

One could argue that the success of the theory of electrodynamics in matter is due to the fact that, at least for linear materials, all microscopic details can be hidden within the two quantities of $\varepsilon, \mu$. In principle, it does not matter how one obtains them, either through phenomenological models, microscopic theories, or through experiment,

All that matters is that we have the quantities at hand, and once they are there we can plug them into Maxwell’s equations and solve the problems we are interested in using one of the many techniques that have been developed over centuries and which are partly discussed in this book. In this respect, the separation into the material and electromagnetic worlds through the “linker” of $\varepsilon, \mu$ is a particularly beautiful solution.

Yet, sometimes we would like to know more about these quantities. In this chapter we will introduce a few phenomenological models for $\varepsilon, \mu$, and will discuss general properties of these important quantities. In particular, we will find that there exist different levels of sophistication, which we briefly discuss at the example of the permittivity $\varepsilon$.

## 物理代写|量子光学代写Quantum Optics代考|Material Properties

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