会计代写|财务会计代写Financial Accounting代考|FNS50217

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会计代写|财务会计代写Financial Accounting代考|Asset turnover ratios

One approach to exploring the relationship between returns and resources is to consider some or all of the assets as recorded in the balance sheet. Possibilities include considering total assets, net assets (i.e. assets minus liabilities) or non-current assets alone. These could be related to, for example, sales, gross profit, net profit or net operating profit. Using net profit or net operating profit gives an indication of the rate of return being generated through the use of the assets.

Table 7.2 shows six such ratios calculated for Bread Co. for $20 \mathrm{X} 1$ and $20 \mathrm{X} 2$. Care has to be taken in applying ratios like these, for there are many influences on the asset figures used that are not related to business efficiency. For example, a business that buys additional inventory without paying for it, just before the balance sheet date, will show an increase in total assets but not an increase in net assets. Therefore, the net asset picture better reflects the economic reality. The figures used for non-current assets (which are also incorporated into the net asset and total asset figures) are notoriously susceptible to changes in depreciation, impairment, valuation or asset replacement policies. Nevertheless, useful indications of trend can often be discovered from ratios like these, provided that the weaknesses and peculiarities behind the figures in each particular business are explored and understood.

Gomment on the implications for the performance of Bread Co. of the information shown in Table $7.2$.

When looking at Table 7.2, it seems that the efficiency of use of net assets has increased significantly from $20 \mathrm{X} 1$ to $20 \times 2$, as sales to net assets and net profit to net assets have both risen sharply. The other four ratios presented have increased a little. It should also he noticed that the net assets have not increased much, whereas non-current assets and total assets have both increased very substantially. The net assets, unlike either of the other two asset aggregates, have been held down by a sharp increase in liabilities.

会计代写|财务会计代写Financial Accounting代考|Return on capital employed

In terms of assessing the efficient use of the resources provided to the business, the ROCE is probably the most important ratio. The capital employed is normally defined as the owners’ equity plus the long-term borrowings of the business. It seeks to embrace all the long-term finance used by the business. The ratio therefore investigates the efficiency of the business as a whole, rather than from the point of view of any particular subset of financiers, such as the owners.

Notice that the ROE compares the return made on the share capital and reserves with the amount of that share capital and reserves. Similarly, in the case of the ROCE, the target is to compare:
(a) the return made on the total of share capital, reserves and long-term borrowings with
(b) the amount of that total.
That is, in contrast to the ROE, the denominator of the ROCE ratio is larger by the amount of a company’s long-term borrowings. It therefore follows that the numerator of the ROCE will be larger than the numerator of the ROE by including the return that relates to those borrowings, i.e. interest. This interest, being an expense of the husiness, has been deducted in arriving at net profit. So, in order to calculate the correct ‘return’ relevant to the ROCE calculation, the interest on the long-term borrowings must be added back to the net profit. The formula for return on capital employed is:
Net profit before interest on long-term borrowings
Owners’ equity + Long-term borrowings Profit before tax is used because interest figures are given gross of any tax effect and to take after-tax profit and then adjust for interest net of tax would require subjective adjustments to the tax charge. This profit figure is sometimes referred to as F.RIT, which stands for earnings before interest and tax.

会计代写|财务会计代写Financial Accounting代考|FNS50217

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会计代写|财务会计代写Financial Accounting代考|Asset turnover ratios

探索回报与资源之间关系的一种方法是考虑资产负债表中记录的部分或全部资产。可能性包括单独考虑总资产、净资产(即资产减去负债)或非流动资产。例如,这些可能与销售额、毛利润、净利润或净营业利润有关。使用净利润或净营业利润可以表明通过使用资产产生的回报率。

表 7.2 显示了为 Bread Co. 计算的六个此类比率20X1和20X2. 在应用这些比率时必须小心,因为对所使用的资产数据有许多影响,而这些影响与业务效率无关。例如,一家企业在资产负债表日之前购买了额外的存货而没有支付费用,这将显示总资产增加但净资产不会增加。因此,净资产图更能反映经济现实。众所周知,用于非流动资产的数据(也包含在净资产和总资产数据中)很容易受到折旧、减值、估值或资产置换政策的影响。然而,只要探索和理解每个特定业务的数字背后的弱点和特殊性,通常可以从这些比率中发现有用的趋势指示。

表中所示信息对面包公司业绩影响的政府评论7.2.

从表 7.2 可以看出,净资产的使用效率似乎从20X1至20×2,由于销售净资产比和净利润净资产比均大幅上升。提出的其他四个比率略有增加。还应该注意到,净资产并没有增加多少,而非流动资产和总资产却都大幅增加。与其他两个资产总量不同,净资产受到负债急剧增加的抑制。

会计代写|财务会计代写Financial Accounting代考|Return on capital employed

在评估提供给企业的资源的有效使用方面,ROCE 可能是最重要的比率。使用的资本通常定义为所有者权益加上企业的长期借款。它力求涵盖企业使用的所有长期融资。因此,该比率调查的是整个企业的效率,而不是从任何特定的金融家子集(例如所有者)的角度。

请注意,ROE 将股本和储备金的回报与该股本和储备金的金额进行比较。同样,就 ROCE 而言,目标是比较:
(a) 股本、储备金和长期借款总额的回报与
(b) 该总额的金额。
也就是说,与 ROE 相比,ROCE 比率的分母大了公司的长期借款数额。因此,通过包括与这些借款相关的回报(即利息),ROCE 的分子将大于 ROE 的分子。这笔利息是公司的一项费用,已在计算净利润时扣除。因此,为了计算与 ROCE 计算相关的正确“回报”,必须将长期借款的利息加回到净利润中。已动用资本回报率的公式为:
扣除长期借款利息前的净利润
所有者权益 + 长期借款 使用税前利润是因为给出的利息数据是扣除任何税收影响的总额,而要获取税后利润然后根据扣除税后的利息进行调整需要对税费进行主观调整。这个利润数字有时被称为 F.RIT,代表息税前收益。

会计代写|财务会计代写Financial Accounting代考

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