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经济代写|微观经济学代写Microeconomics代考|The Implications of Economies of Scale
Imagine a firm which makes bricks. The firm’s existing plant has a maximum capacity of 100,000 bricks per week and the total costs are $€ 30,000$ per week. The average cost for each brick, assuming the plant operates at full capacity, is $€ 0.30$. The firm sets a price of $€ 0.40$ per brick giving it a profit margin of $€ 0.10$ per brick. If it sells all 100,000 bricks it produces each week, the total revenue per week will be $€ 40,000$.
Now imagine that in the long run the firm expands. It doubles the size of its plant. The total costs, obviously, increase – they are now using more land and putting up more buildings, as well as hiring extra labour and buying more equipment and raw materials. All this expansion will increase the total cost, but this doubling of capacity will not lead to a doubling of the cost.
Following this expansion, assume TC is now $€ 50,000$ per week. The expansion of the plant means that the firm can double its output so its capacity is now 200,000 bricks per week. The percentage increase in the total costs is less than the percentage increase in output. Total costs have risen by $€ 20,000$ or 66 per cent and total output by 100 per cent, which means that the average cost per brick is now $€ 0.25$.
The firm now faces two scenarios. In scenario 1 , the firm could maintain its price at $€ 0.40$ and increase its profit margin on each brick sold from $€ 0.10$ to $€ 0.15$. Assuming it sells all the bricks it produces, its revenue would increase to $€ 80,000$ per week. In scenario 2, the firm might choose to reduce its price to improve its competitiveness against its rivals. It could maintain its former profit margin of $€ 0.10$ and reduce the price to $€ 0.35$ improving the chances of increasing its competitiveness. In this case, if it sells all it produces, its revenue would be $€ 70,000$ per week.
What the firm chooses to do would be dependent on its competitive position. If it played a dominant role in the market, it might be able to increase its price and still sell all it produces. If it was in a more competitive market it might not have sold all its capacity in the first place, so being able to reduce its price might mean that it can now increase sales against its rivals and increase its total revenue.
Economies of scale, therefore, occur where the proportionate rise in output as a result of the expansion or growth of the firm, as defined by a rise in all the factor inputs, is greater that the proportionate rise in costs as a result of the expansion.
经济代写|微观经济学代写Microeconomics代考|A Simple Example of Profit Maximization
Let’s begin our analysis of the firm’s supply decision with the example in Table $5.6$ using the Grundy Family Dairy Farm. In the first column of the table is the number of litres of milk the farm produces. The second column shows the farm’s total revenue, which is $€ 0.40$ times the number of litres. The third column shows the farm’s total cost. Total cost includes fixed costs, which are $€ 200$ in this example, and variable costs, which depend on the quantity produced.
The fourth column shows the farm’s profit, which is computed by subtracting total cost from total revenue. If the farm produces nothing, it has a loss of $€ 200$. If it produces 1,000 litres, it has a profit of $€ 100$. If it produces 2,000 litres, it has a profit of $€ 300$ and so on. To maximize profit, the Grundy Farm chooses the quantity that makes profit as large as possible. In this example, profit is maximized when the farm produces 3,000 or 4,000 litres of milk, when the profit is $€ 400$.
There is another way to look at the Grundy Farm’s decision: the Grundy’s can find the profit-maximizing quantity by comparing the marginal revenue and marginal cost from each unit produced. The fifth and sixth columns in Table $5.6$ compute marginal revenue and marginal cost from the changes in total revenue and total cost, and the last column shows the change in profit for each additional litre produced. If the farm does not produce any milk, the fixed costs of $€ 200$ must be paid and so profit is $-€ 200$. The first 1,000 litres of milk the farm produces have a marginal revenue of $€ 0.40$ per litre and a marginal cost of $€ 0.10$ per litre; hence producing the additional 1,000 litres adds $€ 0.30$ per litre produced to profit, which means the farm now earns $€ 100$ in profit (from $-€ 200$ to $€ 100$ ). The second 1,000 litres produced has a marginal revenue of $€ 0.40$ per litre and a marginal cost of $€ 0.20$ per litre, so these additional 1,000 litres add $€ 0.20$ per litre to profit, which now totals $€ 300$.

微观经济学代考
经济代写|微观经济学代写Microeconomics代考|The Implications of Economies of Scale
想象一家制造砖头的公司。该公司现有工厂的最大产能为每周 100,000 块砖,总成本为€€30,000每个星期。假设工厂满负荷运转,每块砖的平均成本为€€0.30. 该公司将价格定为€€0.40每块砖的利润率是€€0.10每块砖。如果它每周卖掉它生产的所有 100,000 块砖,那么每周的总收入将为€€40,000.
现在想象一下,从长远来看,公司会扩张。它的工厂规模扩大了一倍。显然,总成本增加了——他们现在使用了更多的土地并建造了更多的建筑物,并雇用了更多的劳动力并购买了更多的设备和原材料。所有这些扩张都会增加总成本,但产能翻倍不会导致成本翻倍。
在这个扩展之后,假设 TC 现在是€€50,000每个星期。工厂的扩建意味着该公司的产量可以翻番,现在的产能为每周 200,000 块砖。总成本增加的百分比小于产量增加的百分比。总成本上升了€€20,000或 66%,总产量乘以 100%,这意味着现在每块砖的平均成本是€€0.25.
该公司现在面临两种情况。在情景 1 中,公司可以将其价格维持在€€0.40并增加其每售出一块砖的利润率€€0.10至€€0.15. 假设它卖掉了它生产的所有砖块,它的收入将增加到€€80,000每个星期。在情景 2 中,公司可能会选择降低价格以提高其对竞争对手的竞争力。它可以维持以前的利润率€€0.10并将价格降低到€€0.35增加提高竞争力的机会。在这种情况下,如果它出售它生产的所有产品,它的收入将是€€70,000每个星期。
公司选择做什么将取决于其竞争地位。如果它在市场上发挥主导作用,它可能会提高价格并仍然销售其所有产品。如果它处于竞争更激烈的市场中,它可能一开始就不会出售所有产能,因此能够降低价格可能意味着它现在可以增加与竞争对手的销售额并增加总收入。
因此,规模经济发生在由于公司扩张或增长而导致的产出按比例增加(定义为所有要素投入的增加)大于因扩张而导致的成本按比例增加.
经济代写|微观经济学代写Microeconomics代考|A Simple Example of Profit Maximization
让我们从表中的例子开始分析公司的供给决策5.6使用 Grundy 家庭奶牛场。表格的第一列是农场生产的牛奶的升数。第二列显示农场的总收入,即€€0.40升数的倍数。第三列显示农场的总成本。总成本包括固定成本,即€€200在这个例子中,可变成本取决于生产的数量。
第四列显示农场的利润,这是通过从总收入中减去总成本计算得出的。如果农场什么都不生产,它就会损失€€200. 如果它生产 1,000 升,它的利润为€€100. 如果它生产 2,000 升,它的利润为€€300等等。为了最大化利润,Grundy Farm 选择尽可能大的利润数量。在此示例中,当农场生产 3,000 或 4,000 升牛奶时利润最大化,此时利润为€€400.
还有另一种方式来看待格兰迪农场的决定:格兰迪农场可以通过比较每个生产单位的边际收益和边际成本来找到利润最大化的数量。表中第五列和第六列5.6根据总收益和总成本的变化计算边际收益和边际成本,最后一列显示每增加一升产量的利润变化。如果农场不生产任何牛奶,则固定成本€€200必须支付,所以利润是€−€200. 农场生产的前 1,000 升牛奶的边际收益为€€0.40每升和边际成本€€0.10每升;因此生产额外的 1,000 升添加剂€€0.30每升生产利润,这意味着农场现在赚€€100在利润(从€−€200至€€100). 生产的第二个 1,000 升的边际收益为€€0.40每升和边际成本€€0.20每升,所以这些额外的 1,000 升添加€€0.20每升利润,现在总计€€300.

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