数学代写|金融数学代写Intro to Mathematics of Finance代考|ACF1003

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数学代写|金融数学代写Intro to Mathematics of Finance代考|The Payoffs of Calls and Puts

Consider a wiring company projecting use of 100,000 pounds of copper in the next quarter. The company wishes to lock in its copper acquisition costs. The firm can buy a three-month call option on 100,000 pounds of copper with an exercise or strike rate of $\$ 2.31$ per pound. Let’s look at the payoffs of the firm’s call option position while ignoring the firm’s other cash flows.
The payoff of the call option to the call buyer at expiration (ignoring the option’s initial cost or premium) is
Call payoff to buyer $=\operatorname{Max}\left(S_T-K, 0\right)$
where $K$ is the strike price and $S_T$ is the value of the underlying commodity at the option’s expiration date and where $\operatorname{Max}\left(S_T-K, 0\right)$ takes on the greater of the value $S_T-K$ or 0 .

For a copper producer, the decision may be to buy a put option to sell its copper production next quarter.
The payoff of the put to the put buyer at expiration (ignoring the option’s initial cost or premium) is
Put payoff to buyer $=\operatorname{Max}\left(K-S_T, 0\right)$

Note that the payoff of the put option is not the mirror image of the payoff of the call. The payoff of the put is 0 when $S_T>K$, while the payoff of the call is 0 when $S_T<K$. Let’s look at the payoffs of the call and put to the party that writes or sells the options.
Call payoff to seller $=-\operatorname{Max}\left(S_T-K, 0\right)$
Put payoff to seller $=-\operatorname{Max}\left(K-S_T, 0\right)$
The call buyer hopes that the price of the asset underlying the option will rise above $K$, so that she can gain $S_T-K$. The put buyer hopes that the underlying asset will fall below $K$, so that she can gain $K-S_T$ at the expiration of the option.

Note that the option seller’s payoff is the opposite of the buyer’s payoff because the option is a zero-sum game. An option’s payoff is not a deterministic number; It is a function of $S_T$ and therefore depends on the future asset price $S_T$. It is this uncertainty that makes options interesting to study and useful to manage risk.

数学代写|金融数学代写Intro to Mathematics of Finance代考|Profit and Loss Diagrams for Analyzing Option Exposures

Option profit and loss diagrams express the potential profits and losses to an option or a portfolio that contains one or more options measured at the expiration date of the option. The profits and losses in these diagrams typically ignore the time value of money and frictions such as transactions, costs, or taxes. Option premiums are not included in option payoff diagrams but they are included in profit-loss diagrams.
Figure $1.3$ illustrates the potential profits and losses to a simple long position in a call option as of the date that the option expires. Note that the call buyer suffers a loss when $S_T$ is less than or equal to $K$. That loss will be equal to the price or premium paid to purchase the option. For each dollar by which the price of the underlying asset exceeds the strike price, the call option buyer receives $\$ 1$. The breakeven point (ignoring the time value of money) is when the underlying asset’s price exceeds the strike price by the cost of the option to the buyer (i.e., the premium paid).

The price of the option just prior to the moment that it expires will be driven by arbitragers in a frictionless market to be equal to the payoff described in the previous section (e.g., $\operatorname{Max}\left(S_T-K, 0\right)$ ) for an option buyer. If the market price of the option differs from $\operatorname{Max}\left(S_T-K, 0\right)$ at expiration, then an arbitrager can buy an underpriced in-the-money option, exercise that option and collect a profit. If the option is overpriced, the arbitrager can write the option, buy the underlying asset for $S_T$, and deliver the asset and receive $K$. In both cases, the arbitrager would profit without risk. Therefore, options tend to be priced at expiration such that market participants can receive appropriate value by closing their positions rather than taking or making delivery, and can often lower their transactions costs at the same time. As is often the case with derivatives, many or most market participants close their derivative positions without taking or making delivery of the derivative’s underlying asset because their goal in establishing a derivative position is usually to obtain or hedge exposure, not to obtain or deliver an asset.

数学代写|金融数学代写Intro to Mathematics of Finance代考|ACF1003

金融数学代考

数学代写|金融数学代写Intro to Mathematics of Finance代考|The Payoffs of Calls and Puts

假设一家布线公司预计在下一季度使用 100,000 磅铜。该公司希望锁定其铜采购成本。公司可以购买 100,000 磅铜的三个月看涨期权,行权或行使率为$2.31每磅。让我们看看公司看涨期权头寸的收益,同时忽略公司的其他现金流。
到期时看涨期权对看涨买方的收益(忽略期权的初始成本或溢价)是
对买方的看涨收益=最大限度⁡(小号吨−ķ,0)
在哪里ķ是执行价格和小号吨是期权到期日标的商品的价值,其中最大限度⁡(小号吨−ķ,0)取较大的值小号吨−ķ或 0 。

对于铜生产商而言,决定可能是购买看跌期权以在下个季度出售其铜产量。
到期时看跌期权对买方的回报(忽略期权的初始成本或溢价)是
买方的看跌期权回报=最大限度⁡(ķ−小号吨,0)

请注意,看跌期权的收益不是看涨期权收益的镜像。当看跌期权的收益为 0 时小号吨>ķ, 而调用的收益为 0 时小号吨<ķ. 让我们看看看涨期权的收益,并把它交给写或卖期权的一方。
向卖家致电付款=−最大限度⁡(小号吨−ķ,0)
向卖家付款=−最大限度⁡(ķ−小号吨,0)
看涨期权的买方希望期权标的资产的价格上涨到以上ķ,这样她就可以获得小号吨−ķ. 看跌期权买家希望标的资产跌破ķ,这样她就可以获得ķ−小号吨在期权到期时。

请注意,期权卖方的收益与买方的收益相反,因为期权是零和游戏。期权的收益不是一个确定的数字;它是一个函数小号吨因此取决于未来的资产价格小号吨. 正是这种不确定性使期权研究变得有趣并且对管理风险有用。

数学代写|金融数学代写Intro to Mathematics of Finance代考|Profit and Loss Diagrams for Analyzing Option Exposures

期权损益图表示期权或包含在期权到期日计量的一个或多个期权的投资组合的潜在利润和损失。这些图表中的损益通常忽略货币的时间价值和交易、成本或税收等摩擦。期权费不包含在期权收益图中,但它们包含在损益图中。
数字1.3说明截至期权到期日的看涨期权中简单多头头寸的潜在利润和损失。请注意,看涨期权买方在以下情况下蒙受损失小号吨小于或等于ķ. 该损失将等于购买期权所支付的价格或溢价。对于标的资产价格超过行使价的每一美元,看涨期权买方收到$1. 盈亏平衡点(忽略货币的时间价值)是当标的资产的价格超过执行价格的期权成本(即支付的溢价)时。

期权在到期之前的价格将由无摩擦市场中的套利者推动,使其等于上一节中描述的收益(例如,最大限度⁡(小号吨−ķ,0)) 对于期权买家。如果期权的市场价格不同于最大限度⁡(小号吨−ķ,0)到期时,套利者可以购买被低估的价内期权,行使该期权并获得利润。如果期权定价过高,套利者可以卖出期权,买入标的资产小号吨,并交付资产并接收ķ. 在这两种情况下,套利者都会毫无风险地获利。因此,期权往往在到期时定价,这样市场参与者可以通过平仓而不是接受或交付来获得适当的价值,并且通常可以同时降低他们的交易成本。与衍生品的常见情况一样,许多或大多数市场参与者在不获取或交付衍生品的标的资产的情况下关闭其衍生品头寸,因为他们建立衍生品头寸的目标通常是获得或对冲风险敞口,而不是获得或交付资产.

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