会计代写|中级管理会计代写Intermediate Management Accounting代考|ACCG6011

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会计代写|中级管理会计代写Intermediate Management Accounting代考|The problem of overheads

In Chapter 4 we considered the traditional approach to job costing (that is, deriving the full cost of a unit of output where each unit of output differs from the others). We may recall that this approach involves collecting the direct costs for each job. These are the costs that can be clearly linked to, and measured in respect of, the particular job. The indirect costs (overheads), which cannot be linked to products in the same way, are allocated, or apportioned, to product cost centres and then charged to individual jobs using appropriate overhead recovery rates.

In the past, this approach has worked reasonably well, largely because overhead recovery rates (that is, rates at which overheads are absorbed by jobs) were typically much lower for each direct labour hour than the wage rate paid to direct workers. We have now, however, reached the position where overheads are often far more significant. It is not unusual for overhead recovery rates to be between five and ten times the hourly wage rate. Where production is dominated by direct labour that is paid, say, $£ 15$ an hour, it may be of no great consequence to assign overheads using an overhead recovery rate of, say, $£ 1$ an hour. It becomes much more so, however, where the overhead recovery rate is, say, $£ 75$ an hour. This can result in very arbitrary product costing. Even a small change in the amount of direct labour worked can have a huge effect on the total cost calculated for a job. This is not because direct labour is highly paid, but rather because of the effect of direct labour hours on the overhead cost loading. In modern manufacturing, direct labour often plays a small part in the production process and overhead costs have little connection to direct labour hours spent on each job. Thus, where a direct labour overhead rate is still being used, it will only add to the arbitrary nature of product costing.

会计代写|中级管理会计代写Intermediate Management Accounting代考|Assigning overheads

Once the various support activities have been identified, along with their costs and the factors that drive these costs, $A B C$ requires three steps:
1 Establishing an overhead cost pool for each support activity. There will be just one cost pool for each separate cost driver. The cost pools are broadly equivalent to cost centres in the traditional approach as will be discussed shortly.
2 Assigning the total cost associated with each support activity to the relevant cost pool.
3 Charging the units of output with the total cost within each pool using the relevant cost driver.

Step 3, above, involves dividing the amount in each cost pool by the estimated total usage of the cost driver to derive a cost per unit of the cost driver. This unit cost figure is then multiplied by the number of units of the cost driver used by a particular unit of output, to determine the amount of overhead cost to be attached to it (or absorbed by it). Example $5.2$ should make this process clear.

From the table we can see there are two types of cost driver: activity drivers and resource drivers. The first measures the frequency, or intensity, with which an activity is performed (such as the number of purchase orders) and the second measures the amount of resources consumed to carry out the activity (such as maintenance staff hours).

When identifying relevant cost drivers, a trade-off may need to be made between the level of accuracy required and the costs of collecting the information. Take the example of a large manufacturer making many different products, with each product having several support activities. Here, there may be a vast number of cause-and-effect links between the products and the various support activities. It may, therefore, be possible to identify dozens of cost drivers. The more sophisticated the costing system, however, the more expensive it is to operate. It may be decided, therefore, to limit the number of cost drivers by using the same cost driver for a group of support activities relating to a particular unit of output.
The key steps in the ABC process are shown in diagrammatic form in Figure 5.1.

会计代写|中级管理会计代写Intermediate Management Accounting代考|ACCG6011

管理会计代考

会计代写|中级管理会计代写Intermediate Management Accounting代考|The problem of overheads

在第 4 章中,我们考虑了传统的工作成本计算方法(即,推导出一个产出单位的全部成本,其中每个产出单位都各不相同)。我们可能记得,这种方法涉及收集每项工作的直接成本。这些成本可以清楚地与特定工作相关联并根据特定工作进行衡量。不能以相同方式链接到产品的间接成本(间接费用)被分配或分摊到产品成本中心,然后使用适当的间接费用回收率计入各个工作。

过去,这种方法的效果相当好,主要是因为间接费用回收率(即工作吸收间接费用的比率)通常比支付给直接工人的工资率低得多。然而,我们现在已经达到了间接费用通常更为重要的位置。间接费用回收率在小时工资率的五到十倍之间并不罕见。在生产以有偿直接劳动为主的地方,比如说,££15一个小时,使用开销回收率来分配开销可能没有太大的影响,例如,££1一小时。然而,当开销回收率是,例如,££75一小时。这可能导致非常任意的产品成本计算。即使直接劳动量的微小变化也会对计算出的工作总成本产生巨大影响。这并不是因为直接人工的报酬很高,而是因为直接人工工时对间接费用的影响。在现代制造业中,直接人工通常在生产过程中只占很小的一部分,间接成本与每项工作所花费的直接人工时间几乎没有关系。因此,在仍然使用直接人工间接费用率的情况下,它只会增加产品成本核算的任意性质。

会计代写|中级管理会计代写Intermediate Management Accounting代考|Assigning overheads

一旦确定了各种支持活动,以及它们的成本和导致这些成本的因素,一个乙C需要三个步骤:
1 为每个支持活动建立一个间接费用池。每个单独的成本动因只有一个成本池。成本池大致相当于传统方法中的成本中心,稍后将讨论。
2 将与每个支持活动相关的总成本分配到相关成本池。
3 使用相关成本动因以每个池内的总成本对产出单位收费。

上面的步骤 3 涉及将每个成本池中的金额除以成本动因的估计总使用量,以得出成本动因的每单位成本。然后将该单位成本数字乘以特定产出单位使用的成本动因的单位数量,以确定附加到它(或被它吸收)的间接成本的数量。例子5.2应该明确这个过程。

从表中我们可以看到有两种类型的成本动因:活动动因和资源动因。第一个测量执行活动的频率或强度(例如采购订单的数量),第二个测量执行活动消耗的资源量(例如维护人员小时数)。

在确定相关的成本驱动因素时,可能需要在所需的准确性水平和收集信息的成本之间进行权衡。以制造许多不同产品的大型制造商为例,每个产品都有多个支持活动。在这里,产品与各种支持活动之间可能存在大量的因果联系。因此,有可能识别出几十个成本驱动因素。然而,成本核算系统越复杂,运行成本就越高。因此,可以决定通过对与特定产出单位相关的一组支持活动使用相同的成本动因来限制成本动因的数量。
ABC 过程的关键步骤如图 5.1 所示。

会计代写|中级管理会计代写Intermediate Management Accounting代考

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