电气工程代写|数字电路代写digital circuit代考|EECS151

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电气工程代写|数字电路代写digital circuit代考|TUNNEL DIODE

The tunnel diode (also called the Esaki diode after the L. Esaki who announced the new diode in 1958) voltage-current characteristic is shown in Figure 2.39. The figure shows that the tunnel diode is an excellent conductor in the reverse direction. Figure $2.40$ is the circuit symbol for the tunnel diode.

For small forward voltages (in the order of $50 \mathrm{mV}$ in Ge), the resistance is in the order of $5 \Omega$. At the peak current $I_P$ corresponding to the voltage $V_P$, the slope of the characteristic curve is zero. As the voltage increases beyond $V_P$, the current also decreases. The tunnel diode characteristic curve in this region exhibits a negative dynamic resistance between the peak current $I_P$ and the minimum or valley current $I_P$. At the valley voltage, $V_V$, corresponding to the valley current $I_V$, the slope of the characteristic curve is again zero. Beyond $V_V$, the curve remains positive. At the peak forward voltage, $V_F$, the current again reaches the value of $I_P$.

Since it is difficult to manufacture silicon tunnel diodes with a high ratio of peak-to-valley current $I_P / I_V$, most commercially available tunnel diodes are made from germanium (Ge) or gallium arsenide (GaAs). Table $2.2$ is a summary of some of the static characteristics of these devices.

The operating characteristics of the tunnel diode are highly dependent on the load line of the circuit in which the diode is operating. Some load lines may intersect the tunnel diode characteristic curve in three places: the region between 0 and $V_P$, between $V_P$ and $V_V$, and beyond $V_V$. This multi-valued feature makes the tunnel diode useful in high speed pulse circuit design. High frequency (microwave) oscillators are often designed so that the tunnel diode is biased in its negative dynamic resistance region.

电气工程代写|数字电路代写digital circuit代考|SCHOTTKY BARRIER DIODE

The Schottky barrier diode (or simply Schottky diode) is a metal-semiconductor diode. The circuit symbol of the Schottky diode is shown in Figure 2.41. Metal-semiconductor diodes are formed by bonding a metal (usually aluminum or platinum) to $n$-or $p$-type silicon. Metal-semiconductor diode voltage-current characteristics are very similar to conventional $p-n$ junction diodes and can be described by the diode equation with the exception that the threshold voltage $V_\gamma$ is in the range from $0.3 \mathrm{~V}$ to $0.6 \mathrm{~V}$. The physical mechanisms of operation of the conventional $p-n$ junction diode and the metal-semiconductor diode are not the same.

The primary difference between metal-semiconductor and $p-n$ junction diodes is in the charge storage mechanism. In the Schottky diode, the current through the diode is the result of the drift of majority carriers. The Schottky diode switching time from forward to reverse bias is very short compared to the $p-n$ junction diode.

Therefore, Schottky diodes are often used in integrated circuits for high speed switching applications. The Schottky diode is casy to fabricatc on integrated circuits because of its construc tion. The low noise characteristics of the Schottky diode is ideal for the detection of low-level signals like those encountered in radio frequency electronics and radar detection applications.The photodiode converts optical energy to electric current. The circuit symbol of the photodiode is shown in Figure 2.42.

In order to make this energy conversion, the photodiode is reverse biased. Intensifying the light on the photodiode induces hole-electron pairs that increase the magnitude of the diode reverse saturation current. The useful output of the photodiode its photocurrent which, for all practical purposes, is proportional to the light intensity (in Watts) on the device. The proportionality constant is called the Responsivity, $R$, which is usually given in amperes per watt and is dependent on the wavelength of the light. Figure $2.43$ shows a photodiode characteristic curve.

If the intensity of the light on the photodiode is constant, the photodiode can be modeled as a constant current source so long as the voltage does not exceed the avalanche voltage. Naturally, the photocurrent will vary with varying input light intensity. Since the photocurrent can be very small, an electronic amplifier is used in many applications to both boost the signal level and to convert from a current to a voltage output. For example, in optical fiber communication receivers, the average intensity of a time varying infrared light on the photodiode can be significantly less than $1 \mu \mathrm{W}$. Taking a typical photodiode responsivity for fiber optic application of $0.7 \mathrm{~A} / \mathrm{W}, 1 \mu \mathrm{W}$ of light will produce $0.7 \mu \mathrm{A}$ of average current. This low level signal must be amplified by electronic amplifiers for processing by other electronic circuits to retrieve the transmitted information.

电气工程代写|数字电路代写digital circuit代考|EECS151

数字电路代考

电气工程代写|数字电路代写digital circuit代考|TUNNEL DIODE

隧道二极管(在 1958 年发布新二极管的 L. Esaki 之后也称为 Esaki 二极管)电压-电流特性如图 2.39 所示。从图中可以看出,隧道二极管在反方向上是一种极好的导体。数字2.40是隧道二极管的电路符号。

对于小正向电压(在顺序50米在在 Ge) 中,电阻为5哦. 在峰值电流我磷对应电压在磷,特征曲线的斜率为零。随着电压增加超过在磷,电流也减小。该区域的隧道二极管特性曲线在峰值电流之间呈现负动态电阻我磷和最小或谷电流我磷. 在谷底电压,在在,对应于谷电流我在,特征曲线的斜率再次为零。超过在在,曲线保持正数。在峰值正向电压下,在F,电流再次达到我磷.

由于难以制造具有高峰谷电流比的硅隧道二极管我磷/我在,大多数市售隧道二极管由锗 (Ge) 或砷化镓 (GaAs) 制成。桌子2.2是对这些器件的一些静态特性的总结。

隧道二极管的工作特性很大程度上取决于二极管工作所在电路的负载线。一些负载线可能在三个位置与隧道二极管特性曲线相交:0 到在磷, 之间在磷和在在, 超越在在. 这种多值特性使隧道二极管在高速脉冲电路设计中非常有用。高频(微波)振荡器通常设计为使隧道二极管偏置在其负动态电阻区域。

电气工程代写|数字电路代写digital circuit代考|SCHOTTKY BARRIER DIODE

肖特基势垒二极管(或简称肖特基二极管)是一种金属半导体二极管。肖特基二极管的电路符号如图 2.41 所示。金属-半导体二极管是通过将金属(通常是铝或铂)键合到n-或者p型硅。金属-半导体二极管的电压-电流特性与传统的非常相似p−n结二极管,可以用二极管方程来描述,但阈值电压除外在C在范围内0.3 在至0.6 在. 常规操作的物理机制p−n结型二极管和金属半导体二极管是不一样的。

金属半导体与金属半导体的主要区别p−n结型二极管是电荷存储机制。在肖特基二极管中,通过二极管的电流是多数载流子漂移的结果。肖特基二极管从正向偏压到反向偏压的切换时间非常短p−n结二极管。

因此,肖特基二极管常用于高速开关应用的集成电路中。由于其结构,肖特基二极管很容易在集成电路上制造。肖特基二极管的低噪声特性非常适合检测射频电子和雷达检测应用中遇到的低电平信号。光电二极管将光能转换为电流。光电二极管的电路符号如图 2.42 所示。

为了进行这种能量转换,光电二极管被反向偏置。增强光电二极管上的光会引起空穴-电子对,从而增加二极管反向饱和电流的幅度。光电二极管的有用输出是其光电流,对于所有实际目的,它与设备上的光强度(以瓦特为单位)成正比。比例常数称为响应度,R,通常以安培/瓦特为单位,取决于光的波长。数字2.43显示光电二极管特性曲线。

如果光电二极管上的光强度恒定,只要电压不超过雪崩电压,光电二极管就可以建模为恒流源。自然地,光电流会随着输入光强度的变化而变化。由于光电流可能非常小,因此在许多应用中都使用电子放大器来提升信号电平并将电流转换为电压输出。例如,在光纤通信接收器中,光电二极管上随时间变化的红外光的平均强度可以显着小于1米在. 以典型的光电二极管响应度为光纤应用0.7 一个/在,1米在光会产生0.7米一个的平均电流。该低电平信号必须由电子放大器放大,以供其他电子电路处理以检索传输的信息。

电气工程代写|数字电路代写digital circuit代考

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