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统计代写|线性回归代写linear regression代考|Response Transformations
Application $3.1$ was suggested by Olive (2004b, 2013b) for additive error regression models $Y=m(\boldsymbol{x})+e$. An advantage of this graphical method is that it works for linear models: that is, for multiple linear regression and for many experimental design models. Notice that if the plotted points in the transformation plot follow the identity line, then the plot is also a response plot. The method is also easily performed for MLR methods other than least squares.
A variant of the method would plot the residual plot or both the response and the residual plot for each of the seven values of $\lambda$. Residual plots are also useful, but they no not distinguish between nonlinear monotone relationships and nonmonotone relationships. See Fox (1991, p. 55).
Cook and Olive (2001) also suggest a graphical method for selecting and assessing response transformations under model (3.2). Cook and Weisberg (1994) show that a plot of $Z$ versus $\boldsymbol{x}^T \hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}$ (swap the axis on the transformation plot for $\lambda=1$ ) can be used to visualize $t$ if $Y=t(Z)=\boldsymbol{x}^T \boldsymbol{\beta}+e$, suggesting that $t^{-1}$ can be visualized in a plot of $\boldsymbol{x}^T \hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}$ versus $Z$.
If there is nonlinearity present in the scatterplot matrix of the nontrivial predictors, then transforming the predictors to remove the nonlinearity will often be a useful procedure. More will be said about response transformations for experimental designs in Section 5.4.
There has been considerable discussion on whether the response transformation parameter $\lambda$ should be selected with maximum likelihood (see Bickel and Doksum 1981), or selected by maximum likelihood and then rounded to a meaningful value on a coarse grid $\Lambda_L$ (see Box and Cox 1982 and Hinkley and Runger 1984). Suppose that no strong nonlinearities are present among the predictors $\boldsymbol{x}$ and that if predictor transformations were used, then the transformations were chosen without examining the response. Also assume that
$$
Y=t_{\lambda_o}(Z)=\boldsymbol{x}^T \boldsymbol{\beta}+e .
$$
Suppose that a transformation $t_\lambda$ is chosen without examining the response. Results in $\mathrm{Li}$ and Duan (1989), Chen and $\mathrm{Li}$ (1998), and Chang and Olive (2010) suggest that if $\boldsymbol{x}$ has an approximate elliptically contoured distribution, then the OLS ANOVA $F$, partial $F$, and Wald $t$ tests will have thé correct level asymptotically, even if $\hat{\lambda} \neq \lambda_o$.
统计代写|线性回归代写linear regression代考|Variable Selection and Multicollinearity
The literature on numerical methods for variable selection in the OLS multiple linear regression model is enormous. Three important papers are Jones (1946), Mallows (1973), and Furnival and Wilson (1974). Chatterjee and Hadi (1988, pp. 43-47) give a nice account on the effects of overfitting on the least squares estimates. Ferrari and Yang (2015) give a method for testing whether a model is underfitting. Section 3.4.1 followed Olive (2016a) closely. See Olive (2016b) for more on prediction regions. Also see Claeskins and Hjort (2003), Hjort and Claeskins (2003), and Efron et al. (2004). Texts include Burnham and Anderson (2002), Claeskens and Hjort (2008), and Linhart and Zucchini (1986).
Cook and Weisberg (1999a, pp. 264-265) give a good discussion of the effect of deleting predictors on linearity and the constant variance assumption. Walls and Weeks (1969) note that adding predictors increases the variance of a predicted response. Also $R^2$ gets large. See Freedman (1983).
Discussion of biases introduced by variable selection and data snooping include Hurvich and Tsai (1990), Leeb and Pötscher (2006), Selvin and Stuart (1966), and Hjort and Claeskins (2003). This theory assumes that the full model is known before collecting the data, but in practice the full model is often built after collecting the data. Freedman (2005, pp. 192-195) gives an interesting discussion on model building and variable selection.
The predictor variables can be transformed if the response is not used, and then inference can be done for the linear model. Suppose the $p$ predictor variables are fixed so $\boldsymbol{Y}=t(\boldsymbol{Z})=\boldsymbol{X} \boldsymbol{\beta}+\boldsymbol{e}$, and the computer program outputs $\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}$, after doing an automated response transformation and automated variable selection. Then the nonlinear estimator $\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}$ can be bootstrapped. See Olive (2016a). If data snooping, such as using graphs, is used to select the response transformation and the submodel from variable selection, then strong, likely unreasonable assumptions are needed for valid inference for the final nonlinear model.

线性回归代考
统计代写|线性回归代写线性回归代考|响应转换
Olive (2004b, 2013b)建议对相加误差回归模型$Y=m(\boldsymbol{x})+e$应用$3.1$。这种图形化方法的一个优点是它适用于线性模型:也就是说,适用于多元线性回归和许多实验设计模型。注意,如果转换图中的点沿着恒等线,那么该图也是响应图。除了最小二乘之外,该方法也很容易用于MLR方法
该方法的一个变体将绘制残差图,或者为$\lambda$的七个值中的每一个绘制响应和残差图。残差图也很有用,但它们不能区分非线性单调关系和非单调关系。参见Fox(1991,第55页)。
Cook和Olive(2001)还提出了在模型(3.2)下选择和评估响应转换的图形化方法。Cook和Weisberg(1994)表明,如果$Y=t(Z)=\boldsymbol{x}^T \boldsymbol{\beta}+e$,可以用$Z$ vs $\boldsymbol{x}^T \hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}$的图(将转换图上的轴替换为$\lambda=1$)来可视化$t$,这表明$t^{-1}$可以在$\boldsymbol{x}^T \hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}$ vs $Z$的图中可视化
如果非平凡预测器的散点图矩阵中存在非线性,那么对预测器进行变换以去除非线性通常是一种有用的方法。关于实验设计的响应转换,我们将在第5.4节中详细介绍
对于响应转换参数$\lambda$是否应该以最大似然选择(见Bickel and Doksum 1981),还是以最大似然选择,然后四舍四入到粗网格$\Lambda_L$(见Box and Cox 1982和Hinkley and Runger 1984),有相当多的讨论。假设预测器中不存在强非线性$\boldsymbol{x}$,如果使用预测器转换,则选择转换时不检查响应。还假设
$$
Y=t_{\lambda_o}(Z)=\boldsymbol{x}^T \boldsymbol{\beta}+e .
$$
假设在没有检查响应的情况下选择了转换$t_\lambda$。$\mathrm{Li}$和Duan(1989)、Chen和$\mathrm{Li}$(1998)以及Chang和Olive(2010)的结果表明,如果$\boldsymbol{x}$具有近似椭圆轮廓分布,则OLS ANOVA $F$、部分$F$和Wald $t$检验将具有thé的渐近正确水平,即使$\hat{\lambda} \neq \lambda_o$
统计代写|线性回归代写线性回归代考|变量选择和多重共线性
关于OLS多元线性回归模型中变量选择的数值方法的文献是大量的。三篇重要的论文分别是琼斯(1946)、马洛斯(1973)和弗内瓦尔和威尔逊(1974)。Chatterjee和Hadi(1988, 43-47页)对过拟合对最小二乘估计的影响给出了很好的解释。Ferrari和Yang(2015)给出了一种测试模型是否欠拟合的方法。章节3.4.1紧跟Olive (2016a)。有关预测区域的更多信息,请参见Olive (2016b)。也请参见Claeskins和Hjort(2003)、Hjort和Claeskins(2003)和Efron等人(2004)。文本包括Burnham和Anderson (2002), Claeskens和Hjort (2008), Linhart和Zucchini (1986)
Cook和Weisberg (1999a, pp. 264-265)很好地讨论了删除预测因子对线性和恒定方差假设的影响。Walls和Weeks(1969)指出,添加预测因素会增加预测反应的方差。$R^2$也变大了。见弗里德曼(1983)
由变量选择和数据窥探引入的偏差的讨论包括Hurvich和Tsai(1990)、Leeb和Pötscher(2006)、Selvin和Stuart(1966)和Hjort和Claeskins(2003)。该理论假设在收集数据之前已经知道完整的模型,但在实践中,完整的模型通常是在收集数据之后建立的。Freedman (2005, pp. 192-195)对模型构建和变量选择进行了有趣的讨论
如果不使用响应,则可以对预测变量进行转换,然后对线性模型进行推理。假设$p$预测变量是固定的,那么$\boldsymbol{Y}=t(\boldsymbol{Z})=\boldsymbol{X} \boldsymbol{\beta}+\boldsymbol{e}$,在进行自动响应转换和自动变量选择之后,计算机程序输出$\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}$。然后可以引导非线性估计器$\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}$。参见Olive (2016a)。如果使用数据窥探(例如使用图表)来从变量选择中选择响应转换和子模型,那么需要强大的、可能不合理的假设来对最终非线性模型进行有效推断

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