统计代写|抽样理论作业代写sampling theory代考|PSY279

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统计代写|抽样理论作业代写sampling theory代考|Order or Disorder of the Units Making Up a Lot

Let us consider a set of units. Experience shows that we can look at it in two different ways:

  • The whole population of these units in which, because of the definition of a population, the order of the various units is irrelevant.
  • The chronological series made by these units when they are arranged following a certain pattern in which the order of the various units is highly relevant.

Many misconceptions in sampling have their origin in the confusion between a population and a chronological series. Conventional statistics ignore chronological series, and considers a lot of material essentially as a random population. The trouble is that most of the time, a lot of material is not strictly a random population, which means that neighboring fragments are not totally independent from one another. Thus, it is essential to find out if we are dealing with a population or a chronological series.
Exactly the same as homogeneity is the zero of heterogeneity, a random population is the zero of a chronological series. Furthermore, there is no risk in applying results which are valid to a chronological series to a population, while the reverse is most certainly not true.
Experience shows that perfect disorder is the exception, and order or partial order is the rule. This originates in the fact that our industrial activities are well framed in time and space, generating a correlation over time and space, and also in the fact that gravity is omnipresent, generating segregation along a vertical axis during transportation or handling of particulate materials. It is essential to remember that there is often no legitimate way to assume the absence of correlation between the characteristics of one unit and its position within the lot. This is probably a very important concept to take into account in modern astronomy.

统计代写|抽样理论作业代写sampling theory代考|Constitution and Distribution Heterogeneities

The two types of heterogeneity investigated in this chapter are those encountered in a zero-dimensional lot. By definition, the various units of a zero-dimensional lot form a population in which their order is nonexistent or at least considered irrelevant.

The notion of heterogeneity is somewhat confusing in the minds of many people, and there are several reasons for this:

  • There are several types of heterogeneity:
  • The heterogeneity consisting of a difference between the composition of the different units of a lot, such as between fragments, if we are talking about a lot of particulate material as an example. This heterogeneity is defined as the Constitution Heterogeneity $\mathrm{CH}$.
  • There is another form of heterogeneity which is defined as the Distribution Heterogeneity $D H$, consisting of a difference between the spatial distribution of the different units within the lot, such as different fragments of a lot of particulate material. Their physical characteristics explain somewhat the reasons for their position. Everyone knows that this kind of spatial heterogeneity is generated because fragments have different shapes, densities, and weight, to mention only a few of their intrinsic properties.
  • Most authors speaking of heterogeneity never specify the type of heterogeneity they refer to, thus creating confusion for those trying hard to understand the complex concept of heterogeneity. Not only is it essential to differentiate Constitution Heterogeneity from Distribution Heterogeneity but, furthermore, it is necessary to specify the characteristic of the unit taken into consideration:
  • Example 1: A lot of pure silica is finely ground. This material is homogeneous as far as its mineral constitution is concerned, and heterogenous as far as its particle size distribution is concerned.
  • Example 2: A material feeding a flotation plant and containing molybdenite, galena, chalcopyrite, and so on, is screened to obtain a well-calibrated size fraction. The material of this size fraction is homogeneous as far as its particle size distribution is concerned, but still very heterogeneous as far as its mineral composition is concerned.
  • Our objective in this chapter is to clearly define and study these two important forms of heterogeneity associated with a given constituent of interest, and to link them to one another.
统计代写|抽样理论作业代写sampling theory代考|PSY279

抽样理论代考

统计代写|抽样理论作业代写采样理论代考|组成大量的单位的顺序或无序

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让我们考虑一组单位。经验表明,我们可以用两种不同的方式来看待它:

  • 总体:这些单元的整体,由于种群的定义,其中各个单元的顺序是不相关的。
  • 由这些单元按一定的模式排列而成的时间序列,其中各个单元的顺序高度相关


在抽样方面的许多误解源自于混淆总体和时间序列。传统的统计学忽略了时间序列,把大量的材料本质上看作是一个随机的总体。问题是,大多数时候,很多材料严格来说并不是一个随机的总体,这意味着相邻的碎片并不是完全独立于彼此的。因此,必须弄清楚我们是在处理一个总体还是一个时间序列。完全相同的是,同质性是异质性的零,随机总体是时间序列的零。此外,将对时间序列有效的结果应用于总体是没有风险的,而相反的情况则肯定是不正确的。经验表明,完全无序是例外,有序或部分有序才是规则。这源于我们的工业活动在时间和空间上有很好的框架,产生了时间和空间的相关性,也源于重力无所不在的事实,在运输或处理颗粒材料时沿垂直轴产生分离。必须记住的是,通常没有合理的方法假定一个单元的特征与其在地段中的位置之间没有相关性。这可能是现代天文学中需要考虑的一个非常重要的概念

统计代写|抽样理论作业代写采样理论代考|构成与分布异质性

.


本章研究的两种类型的非均质性是在零维地段中遇到的。根据定义,一个零维批次的各个单位组成一个种群,在这个种群中它们的顺序是不存在的,或者至少被认为是不相关的


异质性的概念在许多人的头脑中有些混乱,这有以下几个原因


异质性有几种类型:异质性由许多不同单位组成的差异组成,如碎片之间的差异,如果我们谈论的是大量的颗粒材料为例。这种异质性定义为体质异质性$\mathrm{CH}$ .还有另一种形式的异质性,被定义为分布异质性$D H$,由地段内不同单位的空间分布差异组成,如许多颗粒物质的不同碎片。它们的物理特征在一定程度上解释了它们所处位置的原因。大家都知道,这种空间异质性是由于碎片具有不同的形状、密度和重量而产生的,这仅仅是它们的一些内在属性。大多数提到异质性的作者从来没有具体说明他们所指的异质性的类型,从而给那些试图理解异质性这个复杂概念的人造成了困惑。不仅有必要区分组分非均质性和分布非均质性,而且有必要指定考虑到的单元特征:例1:大量纯二氧化硅被细磨。这种材料就其矿物组成而言是均匀的,就其粒度分布而言是不均匀的。例2:为浮选装置提供的原料中含有辉钼矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿等,对其进行筛选以获得精确的粒度分数。就其粒度分布而言,这种粒度分数的材料是均匀的,但就其矿物成分而言,仍然是非常不均匀的。本章的目标是明确定义和研究这两种与特定兴趣成分相关的重要异质性形式,并将它们相互联系起来

统计代写|抽样理论作业代写sampling theory代考

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