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会计代写|中级财务会计代写Intermediate Financial Accounting代考|DESCRIBE FRAUD AND ITS IMPACT
Fraud is the intentional misrepresentation of facts, designed to persuade another party to act in a way that causes injury or damage to that party. Fraud is a huge problem and is becoming more extensive, not only in the United States but across the globe. A 2016 report by the Association for Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) revealed the following statistics about fraud: ${ }^1$
- A typical organization loses $5 \%$ of its revenue each year to fraud. This translates to a worldwide projected annual fraud loss of over $\$ 3.7$ trillion.
- The median loss in occupational fraud cases is $\$ 150,000$; these tend to be cases involving employee theft.
- Of reported fraud cases, 23\% percent have caused losses of at least $\$ 1$ million; these larger cases tended to involve misleading financial statements.
- The longer a perpetrator has worked for an organization, the higher the fraud losses tend to be.
- Most reported frauds (77\%) are perpetrated by employees in one of six departments: accounting, operations, sales, executive/upper management, customer service, and purchasing.
- Most occupational fraudsters are one-time offenders with clean employment histories.
- In most reported cases, fraudsters exhibit one or more behavioral red flags, including (a) living beyond one’s means; (b) financial difficulties; and (c) unusually close associations with vendors or customers.
Fraud has exploded with the expansion of e-commerce via the Internet. In addition, studies have shown that the percentage of losses related to fraud from transactions originating in third-world, or developing, countries via the Intemet is even higher than in economically developed countries.
There are many types of fraud. Some of the most common types are insurance fraud, check forgery, Medicare fraud, credit card fraud, and identity theft. The two most common types of fraud that impact financial statements are the following:
- Misappropriation of assets. This type of fraud occurs when employees steal money from their companies and cover it up by falsifying accounting records. The Green Valley Coffee Company case is an example. Other examples of asset misappropriation include theft of inventory, bribery or kickback schemes involving purchasing department employees, or overstatement of expense reimbursement requests.
- Fraudulent financial reporting. This type of fraud is committed by company managers who make false and misleading accounting entries to try to make their company’s financial results appear better than they actually are. The purpose of this type of fraud is to deceive investors and creditors into investing or loaning money to the company when they might not have done so otherwise.
会计代写|中级财务会计代写Intermediate Financial Accounting代考|EXPLAIN THE OBJECTIVES AND COMPONENTS
The primary way that fraud, as well as unintentional accounting errors, is prevented, detected, or corrected in an organization is through a proper system of internal control. Internal control is a plan of organization and a system of procedures implemented by company management and the board of directors designed to accomplish the following five objectives:
- Safeguard assets. A company must safeguard its assets against waste, inefficiency, and fraud.
- Encourage employees to follow company policies. A proper system of controls provides clear policies that result in the fair treatment of both customers and employees.
- Promote operational efficiency. Effective controls minimize waste, which lowers costs and increases profits.
- Ensure accurate, reliable accounting records. Without proper controls, the records may be unreliable, making it impossible to tell which part of the business is profitable and which part needs improvement.
- Comply with legal requirements. Effective internal controls help ensure a company complies with the law and avoids legal difficulties.
How critical are internal controls? They’re so critical that the U.S. Congress has passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), which applies to public companies (i.e., companies that sell their stock to the public). Among other things, SOX requires these companies to maintain systems of internal controls that are adequate to prevent material misstatements in the companies’ financial statements. In addition, each public company $\mathrm{CEO}$ and chief financial officer $(\mathrm{CFO})$ must certify in writing that their company’s annual and quarterly reports are accurate and complete, and that their internal controls are adequate to prevent material misstatements in the financial statements. Stiff penalties and prison time await violators-25 years in prison for securities fraud and 20 years for an executive making false sworn statements. Exhibit $4-2$ is an excerpt from a typical public company’s annual report expressing management’s certification of its internal controls.

财务会计代考
会计代写|中级财务会计代写中间财务会计代考|描述欺诈及其影响
欺诈是故意歪曲事实,目的是说服另一方以对其造成伤害或损害的方式行事。欺诈是一个巨大的问题,而且正变得越来越广泛,不仅在美国,而且在全球范围内。美国注册欺诈审查员协会(ACFE) 2016年的一份报告披露了以下关于欺诈的统计数据:${ }^1$
一个典型的组织每年会因为欺诈损失$5 \%$的收入。这意味着全球预计每年的欺诈损失超过$\$ 3.7$万亿美元。职业欺诈案件的损失中位数为$\$ 150,000$;这些案件往往涉及员工盗窃。在已报告的欺诈案件中,23%的案件造成了至少$\$ 1$万的损失;这些较大的案件往往涉及误导性的财务报表。行为人在一个组织工作的时间越长,欺诈损失往往越高。大多数报告的欺诈行为(77%)是由六个部门之一的员工实施的:会计、运营、销售、行政/上层管理、客户服务和采购部。大多数职业欺诈者都是一次性犯罪,没有任何工作记录。在大多数报告的案例中,骗子表现出一个或多个行为上的危险信号,包括(a)入不敷出;(b)财政困难;(c)与供应商或客户异常密切的联系。
随着电子商务通过互联网的发展,欺诈行为激增。此外,研究表明,第三世界国家或发展中国家通过互联网进行的交易中与欺诈有关的损失的百分比甚至高于经济发达国家。欺诈有很多种。一些最常见的类型是保险欺诈、支票伪造、医疗保险欺诈、信用卡欺诈和身份盗窃。影响财务报表的两种最常见的舞弊类型如下:
- 挪用资产。这种类型的欺诈发生在员工从他们的公司偷钱,并通过伪造会计记录来掩盖它。绿谷咖啡公司就是一个例子。其他资产挪用的例子包括盗窃库存、贿赂或回扣计划,涉及采购部门员工,或夸大费用报销要求。
- 虚假的财务报告。这种类型的欺诈是由公司经理犯下的,他们伪造和误导会计分录,试图使他们的公司的财务结果看起来比实际更好。这种类型的欺诈的目的是欺骗投资者和债权人投资或贷款给公司,否则他们可能不会这样做
会计代写|中级财务会计代写中级财务会计代考|解释目标和组成部分
在一个组织中,防止、发现或纠正舞弊以及无意的会计错误的主要方法是通过适当的内部控制系统。内部控制是公司管理层和董事会为实现以下五个目标而实施的组织计划和程序系统- 保障资产。公司必须保护其资产不受浪费、低效和欺诈的影响。
- 鼓励员工遵守公司政策。适当的控制系统提供明确的政策,以公平对待客户和员工。
- 提升操作效率。有效的控制使浪费最小化,从而降低成本,增加利润。
- 确保准确可靠的会计记录。如果没有适当的控制,记录可能是不可靠的,因此无法判断哪些业务是盈利的,哪些部分需要改进。
- 符合法律要求。有效的内部控制有助于确保公司遵守法律,避免法律上的困难内部控制有多重要?他们是如此的关键,以至于美国国会通过了萨班斯-奥克斯利法案(SOX),该法案适用于上市公司(即向公众出售股票的公司)。除其他事项外,SOX要求这些公司保持内部控制系统,以防止公司财务报表中的重大错报。此外,每个上市公司$\mathrm{CEO}$和首席财务官$(\mathrm{CFO})$必须书面证明其公司的年度和季度报告是准确和完整的,并证明其内部控制足以防止财务报表中的重大错报。违规者将面临严厉的惩罚和监禁——证券欺诈将被判25年监禁,而做出虚假宣誓证词的高管将被判20年监禁。附录$4-2$摘自一家典型上市公司的年度报告,该报告表达了管理层对其内部控制的认证

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