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经济代写|劳动经济学代写Labor Economics代考|Maximizing Monopoly Profits
As explained earlier in footnote 2 and the surrounding text, product-market monopolies are subject to the market demand curve for their output, and they therefore do not take output price as given. They can expand their sales only by reducing product price, which means that their marginal revenue $(M R)$ from an extra unit of output is less than product price $(P)$. Using the general definition of marginal revenue product in equation (3.3a), and applying the usual profit-maximizing criteria outlined in equation (3.4) to a monopoly that searches for workers in a competitive lahor market (so that $M F_L=W$ ), the monopolist would hire workers until its marginal revenue product of labor $\left(M R P_L\right)$ equals the wage rate:
$$
M R P_L=M R \cdot M P_L=W(3.9)
$$
Now we can express the demand for labor in the short run in terms of the real wage by dividing equation (3.9) by the firm’s product price, $P$, to obtain
Since marginal revenue is always less than a monopoly’s product price, the ratio $M R / P$ in equation (3.10) is less than one. Therefore, the labor demand curve for a firm that has monopoly power in the output market will lie below and to the left of the labor demand curve for an otherwise identical firm that takes product price as given. Put another way, just as the level of profit-maximizing output is lower under monopoly than it is under competition, other things equal, so is the level of employment.
The wage rates that monopolies pay, however, are not necessarily different from competitive levels even though employment levels are. An employer with a productmarket monopoly may still be a very small part of the market for a particular kind of employee and thus be a price taker in the labor market. For example, a local utility company might have a product-market monopoly, but it would have to compete with all other firms to hire clerks and thus would have to pay the going wage.
经济代写|劳动经济学代写Labor Economics代考|Employment Subsidies as a Device to Help the Poor
The opposite of a payroll tax on employers is a government subsidy of employers’ payrolls. In Eigure 3.4, for example, if instead of taxing each hour of labor by $X$ the government paid the employer $X$, the market labor demand curve would shift upward by a vertical distance of $X$. This upward movement of the demand curve would create pressures to increase employment and the wages received by employees; as with a payroll tax, whether the eventual effects would be felt more on employment or on wage rates depends on the shape of the labor market supply curve.
(Students should test their understanding in this area by drawing labor demand curves that reflect a new payroll subsidy of $X$ per hour and then analyzing the effects on employment and employee wages with market supply curves that are, alternatively, upward-sloping and vertical. Hint: The outcomes should be those that would be obtained if demand curve $D_1$ in Figures $3.4$ and $3.5$ were shifted by the subsidy to curve $D_0$.)
Payroll subsidies to employers can take many forms. They can be in the form of cash payments, as implied by the above hypothetical example, or they can be in the form of tax credits. These credits might directly reduce a firm’s payroll-tax rate or they might reduce some other tax by an amount proportional to the number of labor hours hired; in either case, the credit has the effect of reducing the cost of hiring labor. Below, we first discuss programs that directly subsidize hiring, and then turn to the potential Hiring Subsidy Programs Programs that subsidize hiring can apply to a firm’s employment level, to any new employees hired after a certain date (even if they just replace workers who have left), or only to new hires that serve to increase the firm’s level of employment. Finally, subsidies can be either general or selective. A general subsidy is not conditional on the characteristics of the people hired, whereas a selective, or targeted, plan makes the subsidy conditional on hiring people from certain target groups (such as the disadvantaged).

经济代写|劳动经济学代写Labor Economics代考|Maximizing Monopoly Profits
正如前面脚注 2 和周围文本中所解释的,产品市场垄断受制于其产出的市场需求曲线,因此它们不会将产 出价格视为给定。他们只能通过降低产品价格来扩大销售额,这意味着他们的边际收入 $(M R)$ 多出一单位 的产量低于产品价格 $(P)$. 使用方程 (3.3a) 中边际收益产品的一般定义,并将方程 (3.4) 中概述的通常的 利润最大化标准应用于在竞争性拉合尔市场中寻找工人的垄断企业 (因此 $M F_L=W$ ),垄断者将雇佣工 人,直到其劳动的边际收益产品 $\left(M R P_L\right)$ 等于工资率:
$$
M R P_L=M R \cdot M P_L=W(3.9)
$$
现在我们可以用实际工资来表示短期内对劳动力的需求,用公式 (3.9) 除以公司的产品价格, $P$ ,获得
由于边际收益总是小于垄断者的产品价格,所以该比率 $M R / P$ 在等式 (3.10) 中小于一。因此,在产出市 场上具有垄断权的企业的劳动力需求曲线将位于将产品价格视为给定的其他方面相同的企业的劳动力需求 曲线的下方和左侧。换句话说,正如在垄断条件下利润最大化的产出水平低于在竞争条件下的水平,在其 他条件相同的情况下,就业水平也是如此。
然而,即使就业水平不同,垄断企业支付的工资率也不一定不同于竞争水平。拥有产品市场垄断地位的雇 主对于特定类型的雇员来说可能仍然是市场的一小部分,因此是劳动力市场的价格接受者。例如,当地的 公用事业公司可能垄断了产品市场,但它必须与所有其他公司竞争雇用文员,因此必须支付现行工资。
经济代写|劳动经济学代写Labor Economics代考|Employment Subsidies as a Device to Help the Poor
对雇主征收工资税的反面是政府对雇主工资的补贴。例如,在 Eigure 3.4 中,如果不是对每小时的劳动征税X政府支付给雇主X,市场劳动力需求曲线将向上移动一个垂直距离X. 需求曲线的这种向上移动将产生增加就业和雇员工资的压力;与工资税一样,最终影响是对就业还是对工资率的影响更大,取决于劳动力市场供给曲线的形状。
(学生应该通过绘制反映新的工资补贴的劳动力需求曲线来测试他们对这一领域的理解。X每小时,然后使用向上倾斜和垂直的市场供给曲线分析对就业和雇员工资的影响。提示:结果应该是如果需求曲线会获得的结果D1在图中3.4和3.5美元在和r和sH一世F吨和db是吨H和s在bs一世d是吨○C在r在和D_0$。)
对雇主的工资补贴可以采取多种形式。正如上述假设示例所暗示的,它们可以是现金支付的形式,也可以是税收抵免的形式。这些抵免额可能会直接降低公司的工资税税率,或者可能会按与雇用的工时数成正比的数量减少其他税收;在任何一种情况下,信贷都具有降低雇用劳动力成本的效果。下面,我们首先讨论直接补贴招聘的计划,然后转向潜在的招聘补贴计划。左),或仅适用于有助于提高公司就业水平的新员工。最后,补贴可以是一般性的,也可以是选择性的。

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