# 统计代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|BINF7003

## 统计代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|Charts of History

Playfair characteristically took a long, historical view of the data that he reported in his charts. He was not satisfied with his first bar chart (Figure 5.7), for, despite its thoughtful design and execution, it lacked the depth and richness of information that were his hallmark. Because most of his time-series plots included data that spanned a century, he must have felt the limitations of including imports and exports for only one year. He was forced to do this by the lack of additional information, but he didn’t have to like it.

Forty years later, in a pamphlet titled Letter on Our Agricultural Distresses, Playfair found a use for bars as an enhancement of his beloved time-series plots and published the wonderfully rich plot shown here in Figure 5.9. The bars on the plot show the price of a quarter-bushel of wheat, in shillings, on the east axis. Superimposed below those bars is a curve that depicts the weekly wages of a good mechanic, with values in shillings given on the west axis. The plot spans the 265 years from 1565 until 1830 and is augmented, on the top border, with the names of the reigning monarchs, from Elizabeth I to George IV.

Playfair’s principal goal in producing this plot was to provide evidence that, over the more than two centuries depicted, wheat was becoming increasingly affordable for the worker, and also to provide some context for how this relationship changed over historical periods. To do this, he combined three graphic forms: a line graph for wages, which changed relatively smoothly over time; a bar chart of price of wheat, which was more variable over the five-year intervals shown, and the historical timeline at the top showing the reigns of monarchs-all plotted over time.

## 统计代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|Ridgeline Plots

Playfair’s graphic idea from the “Universal Commercial History” had still more to offer. Like many other good graphic ideas from history, it was recently rediscovered and given a new name, without recognition of Playfair as the source.

The difficulty with multiple time-series plots that share a common vertical axis is that they can crisscross in complicated ways, and it is hard to tell them apart. The simple device of using the same horizontal scale, but with the separate plots offset vertically, as in Plate 8 , turned out to be a game changer for such data.

Plate 9 shows the yearly distributions of scores on a liberal (negative)conservative (positive) dimension, based on all roll-call votes in the US House of Representatives and Senate from 1963 to $2013 .{ }^{14}$ It is clear that the votes of US legislators have become increasingly polarized over time, but this shift has been asymmetric: the entire distribution of Republicans has shifted noticeably to the right, while that of Democrats has moved only slightly to the left.

Moreover, the two parties, particularly the Democrats, have become more homogeneous over time, in that the distributions of their scores have become narrower.

The remarkable feature of this graph is that so much can be seen in a relatively small space. It shows frequency distributions for two parties spanning fifty-one years, each one summarized by a smoothed curve (a density estimate). The vertical size of the graph is small, so there is a lot of overlap. A graphic trick, unavailable to Playfair, has been used to reduce this problem: the area underneath each curve was shaded with partially transparent colors, so that overlap can be seen as an increasing intensity of shading.

## 统计代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|Charts of History

Playfair 对他在图表中报告的数据采取了长期的历史观点。他对他的第一个条形图（图 5.7）并不满意，因为尽管它的设计和执行都经过深思熟虑，但它缺乏作为他标志的信息的深度和丰富性。因为他的大部分时间序列图都包含跨越一个世纪的数据，所以他一定感受到了仅包含一年的进出口数据的局限性。由于缺乏额外的信息，他被迫这样做，但他不必喜欢它。

Playfair 制作这个情节的主要目标是提供证据，证明在所描绘的两个多世纪中，小麦对工人来说越来越便宜，同时也为这种关系如何在历史时期发生变化提供一些背景。为此，他结合了三种图形形式：工资线图，随着时间的推移相对平稳地变化；小麦价格的条形图，在所示的五年间隔内变化更大，顶部的历史时间线显示了君主的统治——所有这些都是随时间绘制的。

## 统计代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|Ridgeline Plots

Playfair 的“通用商业史”中的图形创意还有更多可提供的地方。与历史上许多其他优秀的图形创意一样，它最近被重新发现并赋予了新名称，但并未承认 Playfair 是其来源。

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