# 电子工程代写|编译器代写Compilers代考|CVPR2022

## 电子工程代写|编译器代写Compilers代考|Syntax Definition

In this section, we introduce a notation – the “context-free grammar,” or “grammar” for short – that is used to specify the synt ax of a language. Grammars will be used throughout this book to org anize compiler front en ds.

A grammar naturally describes the hier archical structure of most programming language constructs. For example, an if-else statement in Java can have the form
if ( expression) statement else statement
That is, an if-else statement is the con catenation of the keywor $d$ if, an opening parenthesis, an expression, a closing parenthesis, a statement, the keyword else, and another statement. Using the variable expr to denote an expression and the variable stmt to denote a statement, this structuring rule can be expressed as
$s t m t \rightarrow$ if ( expr ) stmt else stm $t$
in which the arrow may be read as “can have the form.” Such a rule is called a production. In a production, lexical element s like the keywor $\mathrm{d}$ if and the parentheses are called terminals. Variables like expr and stmt represent sequences of terminals and are called nonterminals.

## 电子工程代写|编译器代写Compilers代考|Associativity of Operators

By convention, $9+5+2$ is equivalent to $(9+5)+2$ and $9-5-2$ is equivalent to $(9-5)-2$. When an operand like 5 has operators to its left and right, conventions are needed for deciding which operator applies to that operand. We say that the oper ator $+$ associates to the left, because an oper and with plus signs on both sides of it belongs to the operator to its left. In most programming languages the four arithmetic oper ators, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are left-asso ciative.

Some common operators such as exponentiation are right-associative. As another example, the assignment oper ator $=$ in $\mathrm{C}$ and it s descendants is rightassociative; that is, the expression $a=b=c$ is treated in the same way as the expression $a=(b=c)$.

Strings like $a=b=c$ with a right-associative operator are generated by the following grammar:
right $\rightarrow$ letter $=$ right $\mid$ letter
letter $\rightarrow$ a $|\mathrm{b}| \cdots \mid \mathrm{z}$
The contrast between a parse tree for a left-asso ciative operator like – and a parse tree for a right-associative operator like $=$ is shown by Fig, 2.7. Note that the parse tree for 9-5-2 grows down towards the left, whereas the parse tree for $a=b=c$ grows down towards the right.

## 电子工程代写|编译器代写Compilers代考|Syntax Definition

if (表达式) 语句 else 语句的形式
，即 if-else 语句是关键字的串联dif、左括号、表达式、右括号、语句、关键字 else 和另一个语句。用变量 expr 表示表达式，用变量 stmt 表示语句，这个结构化规则可以表示为
s吨米吨→if ( expr ) stmt else stm吨

## 电子工程代写|编译器代写Compilers代考|Associativity of Operators

right→信=正确的∣信函
_→一个|b|⋯∣和

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